Romeo and Juliet and Different Writing Devices Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet and Different Writing Devices EssayShakespeare has been a truly important generator in history because of his special way of writing. Throughout the ages, people admit read his literature and taught lessons to the next generations from his writing. Shakespeare had morals and personal values, such as love. He used his special writing style to help people understand how he felt better. He also uses sonnets, or small poems, for specific topics. Love, Marriage, and association are portrayed in Shakespeares sonnets through different writing devices that he uses to express himself. In Shakespeares Sonnet 30, he talks specifically about companionship- an important theme in his early work. In Sonnet 30 he says For precious friends hid in deaths dateless shadow, meaning we should love our friends because we do not know when they will be dead. This is because he says deaths dateless night, meaning you dont know when death will come. Basically he is saying that you sh ould not worry about death but just enjoy the time you have with friends while they are still alive. This can be applied to many things from family to flush pets. It is a deep thought but it is his way of staying happy even though death can be anywhere at anytime.Shakespeares Sonnet 55 focuses around the theme of love. Love played a outstanding part of Shakespeares work from Hamlet to Romeo and Juliet. He was a romantic person but he used it to his advantage to create sadness or feelings of tragedy like in Romeo and Juliet. In the Sonnet he says So, till the judgment that yourself arise, You live in this, and dwell in lovers eyes. He heart and soul that before you die you should love the person you are with and always love them, because love is so important to happiness.The final Sonnet, Sonnet 116, focuses on Marriage. Since love and friendship is paramount to Shakespeare, so is marriage, since its like love combined with friendship. Shakespeare thinks marriage is sacred and if you love someone you should stay married to that person. In the sonnet he says Let me not to the marriage of true minds admit impediments. Love is not love Which alters when it alteration finds, meaning that love is not love if you try and careen it. Also he says that it is an ever-fixed mark meaning it should last forever and you should not get a divorce.You can tell by how he writes that Shakespeare is a very romantic and caring person. He thinks love and friendship and marriage are crucial to humans, and that they all go hand in hand with each other. He uses love in most of his stories, not just the Sonnets and he knows that people catch on to the message he is sending. Everyone knows about Shakespeare, but most do not know how much he cares about things like love. He uses his style of writing to portray his views about love, friendship, and marriage in his Sonnets.

Energy Crisis Essay Example for Free

cypher Crisis EssayE truly country in the world subroutines muscularity. For usage to cook. It is becoming one of the basic needs in life. But where does the energy come from? In the year 2008, 85% of the queen that we argon apply was nonrenewable energy, which means that someday, these energies will be gone. However, right now, there are pot who have started using renewable energy such as solar energy. in that location are more than 7 billion people in the world right now and it will keep rising while the energy resources are depleting. rase though there are many energies that are renewable, the renewable energies are harder to make use of, which is one of the reasons why non many people use them. Also, they carry some advanced technology. If we dont find something else to replace oil, coal and natural gas, we wont have the energy to use in the future.One of the forms of the renewable energy is solar energy. solar energy uses energy from fair weather to create en ergy for our home. Sunlight is a clean, renewable resource. at that place are many ways to get energy from sunlight, such as the photovoltaic (PV) panels, converting sunlight into electricity and solar electricity, using the suns rouse to produce electricity. Solar cells, or the photovoltaic panels, convert sunlight directly into electricity. We can often find solar cells in calculators and watches. Since solar cells are make up of semiconducting materials, materials whose conductivity will increase with temperature, sunlight will lose their electrons, allowing the electrons to flow through with(predicate) semiconducting materials to produce electricity when sunlight is absorbed. Solar electricity is separated into three kinds parabolic-trough, dish/engine, and power tower.Parabolic-trough concentrates the sunlight through mirrors. The mirror will be tilted towards the sun, heating the oil that is flowing in the pipe inside the panel. Heated oil will then be used to boil water sy stem to produce electricity. The dish/engine is a dish-shaped mirror that will collect heat from sunlight and transfer it to the fluid within the engine. The heat would cause the fluid to expand and produce mechanical power. A power tower system uses a large field of mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto the top of a tower. This heat will melt salt that flows through the receiver and the salts heat will be used to generate electricity through a conventional steam generator. With different kinds of solar panel, the price varies in the range from $5,000 to $30,000, depending on the effectiveness and the amount of energy you use. Even though the solar panels are expensive, many people exempt use them since they think that solar energy is energy-efficient and green.One of the advantages solar energy has is being renewable. As long as there are living things on this planet, there will eer be solar energy since we get solar energy from sunlight. Even though sunlight is not present at nig ht, the solar energy could still be stored by charging the batteries during the day and be used at night. We could then get more sunlight on the next day. Moreover, solar energy creates absolutely no pollution or noise, unlike other machines. It doesnt damage the environment by emitting greenhouse gases or polluting water, air or land. By using this source of energy, the air will be cleaner and it helps stop the global warming. Other than this, in the long term, the solar energy is untold cheaper than the energy resources we are using now. Even though it is expensive, initially the maintenance requirement is rattling small and the service life is around 30 years.The main disadvantage of solar energy is that it is extremely expensive. This is mostly why nowadays, not many people use solar energy. The price is unaffordable. Furthermore, since our world is polluted, the rain or the clouds could block sunlight from getting to the panels, making it ineffective. With a cloudy climate, t he panels will be able to produce sunlight at a slower rate and may require more panels to generate enough electricity for your house, which will require more money. Even though using solar energy in houses might not require huge amount of area, big buildings do. To use the solar panels to their maximum ability, they need to be in the sun. With bigger buildings, you will need many more panels and to get them to work to their maximum ability, you will need a huge amount of area for the panels to be in the sunlight.Even though solar energy has some disadvantages, the advantages still overweight the disadvantages since energies are running out and this solar energy is everywhere. If we can get all of the energy that was sent to this planet, we could light the correct planet for one year within an hour. But the problem with this is we cant. If we can find a way to harvest this energy, we can have as much electricity as we want until the end of the human generation. Right now, there are many renewable energies that scientists have found but they are not yet the best way to solve the energy crisis. Therefore, scientists are still searching for new forms of energy. Dark energy is another form of energy that is very useful to mankind. In the universe, it is composed of up to 74% dark energy. What is dark energy? Dark energy is the unexplained force that causes the acceleration of the expansion of the universe.Even though there is no evidence that the dark energy does exist, people agree that it does since they believe that the universe had a beginning, and is expanding. Other than dark energy, the underwater blackmail can be another useful energy resource. Beneath the water surface, there is a potential constant source of unused hydroelectric power in the form of deep water squeeze. According to Rick Dickson, he had invented a way to harvest this deep water pressure by transferring its pressure to air and then to a piston. The name of this process is called Ocean P ressure Electric Conversion. Therefore, as we know, the dark energy and the hydroelectric power are very powerful if we could get dark energy by using a similar way to the way we get solar energy and harvest the water pressure, Im positive that we would never run out of energy again.Works Cited World Energy Crisis . World Energy Crisis . N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. http//planetforlife.com/. Disadvantages Of Solar Energy. Natural Renewable Energy Sources Clean Energy Ideas. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. http//www.clean-energy-ideas.com/articles/disadvantages_of_solar_energy.html. Disadvantages of Solar Power Solar Energy Disadvantages Disadvantages of Solar Energy. Go Green with Solar Energy. N.p., n.d. Web.

Religion and the Meaning of Life Essay Example for Free

Religion and the Meaning of Life EssayAccording to Frederich Nietzche, A man who has a why to live can bear any how. To me this line provides massive insight into the human experience on the whole people need a purpose in life. As humans we need a positive outlet through which we can invest our thoughts, emotions, efforts and energies. We need something to thrive for and strive toward. Religion, for many people provides this outlet in life in a about positive manner.It allows people to find themselves by losing themselves foremost. Religion encourages service to some another(prenominal)s, selflessness, forgiveness and ascetic values that allow people to displace personal prejudices and mental barriers that ar roadblocks on the path toward self awareness and brain. Religion teaches that human beings are direct creations of God. Due to this, the phantasmal person places immense gravity into the definition of what it style to be human.To the religious person human life is sacred therefore all human beings are treated as if they are sacred entities. gravitas is vital to this experience and the religious person lives a decent life based largely on the fact that they find it a grave iniquity to engage in dehumanizing acts. A dehumanizing act is any action that undermines the value of what it means to be human, and because human life to the religious person is sacred treating other people and oneself with respect is part of the job description.Religious people overly are heavily focused on remaining loyal to traditions and place gruelling emphasis on the concept of togetherness through ceremonies, rituals and even celebrations. Religious people congregate and come together in a forum of mutual understanding of one anothers beliefs and values, and respect for the characteristics that make individuals unique. This is how religious institutions have survived throughout the ages. People of all sorts come together based on a mutual understanding of the s ame truths.The idea of coming together forms a family-like atmosphere that strengthens dynamics within individual households and strengthens interpersonal bonds among all people whom the religious person encounters. The religious person lives a life of kindness, simplicity and dignity highlighted by unity, loyalty and fairness. These concepts are vital to becoming a well compound person which is the key component to finding ones purpose and meaning in life.Once a person gains a sense of purpose, the other aspects of their lives fall into place based around what that person chooses to life for. When a person lives for their faith, their lives are based around morals that encourage reverence for all human beings and a genuine perceptive of righteousness. This is why religious people not only have a strong sense of self, but also have unshakable character based in a solid affection for mankind.

The Welding Manufacturing Process Engineering Essay

The Welding Manufacturing Process Engineering EssayWelding is an attractive topic to be rese obeisancehed because it is used in the majority of industrial dramaticss and manufacturing routinees.The next exercise shows that the safeguard metallic element run conjoin action represents ab erupt 42% from the whole weld processes.The conjoin theory depends on the joining amongst 2 parts whether metals like aluminium, vane, copper, or cast iron or plastics like polypropylene.Welding specially is distinguishable from the normal joining where the aim of weld is to obtain a strong joint amid deuce or more parts to be as a single part and to minimize number of parts. For example, the robotic joints used to assemble pipe lines is limited to specific assesss of pressure and temperature and when those values put crossship good dealal those limits, the weld takes place in the assembly processThe main image of fusion weld is the partial run awaying and fusion of the joint betwe en two members and a filler metals may be used.In the venting join process, the screw up required is obtained from galvanic energy. An curtain call is produced between the tip off of the electrode and release segment to be welded, by development an AC or a DC power supply. guard metal venting conjoin (SMAW) is one of the oldest, simplest, and most various(a) joining processes. rough 50% of all industrial and maintenance weld at present is performed by this process.The electric arc is provided by touching the tip of a cover electrode with the die flip or the sample and moving back it quickly to enough distance to maintain the arc. The heat generated commingles a piece of the electrode tip, its coating and the base metal in the warm arc area and this mixture forms the weld when it solidifies.1.2 Aims objectivesThe aim or goal of the inquiry is a huge statement of the problem which I intend to solve and what I intend to achieve.Objectivesset the realistic targets to achieve during the research and I should use beat expend in project management.Objectives are derived from the aim, but are more specific and measurable.AimsInvestigate/research solutions to reduce cracks occurring in ascorbic acid trade names during shield metal arc weld processObjectivesInvestigate/research shield metal arc welding process in one C copy mark metalsInvestigate/research parameters alter shield metal arc welding process in carbon steel metalsInvestigate/research reasons of cracks in shield metal arc welding process in carbon steel metals and order of magnitudes to reduce them.Literature reviewMany researches were done to investigate welding processes from umpteen points of views and in the next pages these examples impart be shown belowFirst example-In the research done by G. B. JANG, H. K. KIM AND S. S. KANG, It was discovered that in the steel bridge manufacturing, there are umteen difference of opinions in dimensions caused by weld deformation oft en happen because multi-pass welding is used mainly to join thick plates. It repeatedly produced that root openings are out of tolerances at place of butt joints.Second example-In the research done by G. B. JANG, H. K. KIM AND S. S. KANG, It was discovered that there is a new innovative method for estimating the actual stilling rate in a welded section is existed. This method is depended on applying a ladinging component part to the Rosenthal* analytical solutions for thick and thin plates. The factor is calculated from the heat affected govern (HAZ) width obtained from carved sections and reflects the actual response of the plate to the heat feed condition. The formulations used in the literature of this research are depended on the assumption of thin plate and thick plate conditions while most actual conditions non real somewhere between the two extremes. Limited experimental measurements of cooling rate performed by instrumented welding presented good agreement with predict ed values. The meansl was further used to get the peak temperature profile across the HAZ.2.1 MethodologyAs shown in the literature review, the previous two researches concentrated on the problems related to weld deformation and cooling rate.In this research the study of shield metal arc welding volition be concentrated on the parameters affecting cracks appearance and the methods used and available to reduce and eliminate them.To achieve objectives, first, a study will be done to previous researches in the same field through the internet and reading different casefuls of books to study theMethodology block DiagramSMAW process in carbon steels.the next step is to focus on cracks appeared and how to reduce them.Also Libraries, internet, will be used as a statement of method.The internet usage will give powerful to the research to get information now because it is fastest, cheapest, and most widely in getting information and information that need in any section of science. Diff erent search engine will be used aswww.google.comwww.yahoo.comIn addition, the forums will be used to discuss results with other engineers to nurse learning from their experts.Libraries from reading books you can know the theoretical part and the analysis of the welding parameters.In this study, there is no practical work but if there was a similar one in the future it mustiness take into considerations the ensure that the final product must be safe to the environment by taking into consideration to prevent any prejudicial fumes.Conclusion-After this brief proposal it can be said that this project will concentrate on three main categories-Shield metal arc welding process in carbon steel metalsParameters affecting shield metal arc welding process in carbon steel metalsReasons of cracks in shield metal arc welding process in carbon steel metals and methods to reduce them.Also, it can be guessed that the weakness of this proposal is not mentioning some(prenominal) problems related to this process and a try will be done overcoming this point in the next stages of the project.This proposal takes its strength from the anatomy and spread of SMAW process in the industrial field as shown in the beginning of the proposal.Time TableCompleted proposal9TH of OctoberInitial project proposal word3rd 11th of NovemberStart collecting information and data1st December-6thStart following chapter25th DecemberPrepare slideshow1st January-5thComplete interim report18th of JanuaryWork on following chapterstenth of FebruaryProject should almost be complete10th of marchPrepare for presentation7th of mayChapter 3dismissal welding conceptArc welding is a process of the fusion welding processes which contains-1 Arc welding processes (non consumable electrodes) triggerman tungsten arc weldingPlasma arc weldingAtomic hydrogen welding2 Arc welding processes (consumable electrodes)Shielded metal arc weldingSubmerged arc weldingGas metal arc weldingFlux cored arc weldingElectro g as weldingElectro slag welding3 Electron beam welding4 Laser beam weldingThe main concept of fusion welding is the partial melting and fusion of the joint between two members and a filler metals may be used.In the arc welding process, the heat required is obtained from electrical energy. An arc is produced between the tip of the electrode and work piece to be welded, by using an AC or a DC power supply.Shield metal arc welding (SMAW) is one of the oldest, simplest, and most versatile joining processes. About 50% of all industrial and maintenance welding mensesly is performed by this process.The electric arc is generated by touching the head or the tip of a coat electrode against the work piece and withdrawing it quickly to a distance fit to preserve the arc. The heat start generating from the electrode tip, its coating and the base metal in the immediate arc area and this mixture forms the weld when it solidifies.3.2 Classification of arc weldingThe arc welding classified into many types used in the industrial field each one have advantages and defects different from the other type, So that the user select the required type according to the requirements and the economy aspects. In the below figure we show for the classification of arc welding which appear in the industrial (3.1)Arc weldingPAWESWMIGTIGSAWSMAWCarbon arc welding kind 3.1 arc welding classificationChart keySMAW shield metal arc weldingSAW submerged arc weldingTIG tungsten sulky gas arc weldingMIG metal inert gas weldingPAW plasma arc weldingESW electro slag weldingThe above map list for the types of the arc welding which used in the industrial fields.Advantages of arc weldingThere are some characteristic for the arc welding sooner than the another methods to joining metals which it represent the advantages of the arc welding listed as below1- Strong and tight joining2- Cost effectiveness ( arc welding have low capital and running costs)3- Simplicity of welded structure designFigure 3.2 arc welding usage in the industry(http//64.78.42.182/sweethaven/BldgConst/Welding/ littleonmain.asp?lesNum=4modNum=1)3.2.1 Principals and definitionShield metal arc welding (SMAW) consider as process in which coalescence of metal produced by the heat which generated from the electric arc that it maintained between the tip of the consumable electrode and the base metal in the welding region. The next figures show the circuit used in the shield metal arc weldingFigure 3.2 SMAW system, http//www.millerwelds.com/pdf/guidelines_smaw.pdfFigure description the above figure illustrate the main parameters used in the SMAW processPower supplyThe shield arc welding power source provides constant stream (cc) it may be alternative current (Ac) or direct current (DC) depending on the electrode being used, but the best welding usually used the direct current (DC) as power supply for the circuit.The get along of power required to welding process calculated from the telling(P= IV) Where I represent t he current V represent the voltagesIn the selection process for the power supply we notice that the voltage equal to constant value so that the current is the main parameters in the selection process which discussed in the next section3.2.2 Current settingThe amount of current needed to melt the work piece and the electrode tip depends on several factors as1- Type and nonplus of the joint2- Work piece type and its thickness3- Electrode type and its diamIn facts most of welder select the current depending on the diameter of the used electrode which it measured from the inner section without the coated diameter as showing in the below figureNoCodeUsage and properties16010all welding positionsresult in deep sagacity weldwork on rusted, dirty, or painted metals26011used with ac and dc currentsall welding positionsresult in deep penetration weldwork on rusted, dirty, or painted metals36013used with ac and dc currentsresult in medium penetration weldgive superior weld talus appearanc e47018low hydrogen electrodecan be used with dc or accan result in welds of x-ray fictional character with medium penetrationmust be kept dry180LV Redused in AC/DC straight or backtrack polarityall positions with low voltage machines2275 higher(prenominal) yield and elastic strength324 AC/DCac/dc all position electrodesjoin dissimilar metals4309 L AC/DChigh corrosion resistancehigh strengthall position electrodesTable 3.3 Examples of electrodes usage and propertiesA prefatory guide of arc welding electrodes by Bruce Bauerleinhttp//www.metalwebnews.com/howto/weldrod.htmlhttp//www.weldershop.info/282/types-of-welding-electrodes/1. ElectrodeThe electrode used in (SMAW) process consist from metal rod coated in metal mixture called flux which gives off gases as it decomposes to prevent weld contamination , introduces deoxidizer to purify the weld , causes weld- protection slag and to provides devalueelements to improve the property of weld. There are three types from the electrode used in (SMAW) process which discussed below.Fast fill electrode this type from electrode is designed to melt very fast so that bureau the welding travel rapidly should be maximized. This type used when we weld in the normal case in vertical welding so we can weld with high speed so we use this electrode type.Fast freeze electrode this type from electrode designed to solidify quickly making welding in different positions by preventing the weld pool from shifting.Intermediates electrodes the commonly used type and it intermediate in two case melting and in freezing but if we weld with high speed with using this type we get poor fiber so that this type is not suitable in case of high speed.The American welding nightclub established system that used to assign electrodes by using four or five digital number. Covered electrodes made of mild steel or low alloy steel carry the symbol of (E) followed by special numbers. The first two or three digits of the number of the electrode speci fy the tensile strength of the weld metal. The mid digits generally identify the welding positions allowed with the electrode normally using the values 1 (normally fast-freeze electrodes, implying all position welding) and 2 (normally fast-fill electrodes, implying horizontal welding only). The welding current and the type of the electrode casing are specified by the last two digits together.Example for electrode serial numberE7018E indicates electrode70 indicates 70,000 psi tensile strength1 indicates use for welding in all positions8 indicates low hydrogen2. Cables there are two billets work cable which connected the base metal and the electrode cable which connected to the electrode one of them represent positive and the other represent the negative side this according to the polarity of the welding process3.2.3. Welding trouble shootingThis section discuss to the trouble shooting may faced it during the welding speed as1-Porosity small cavities or holes resulting from gas pocke ts in weld metal.Fig 3.4 porosity of weldingwww.miller.com.pdfThe porosity in welding it may be caused by the dirty on work piece and the corrective action to face it by Re give-up the ghost all grease, oil, moisture, rust, paint, coatings, slag, and dirt from work surface before welding.2-Excessive Spatter scattering of molten metal particles that cool to solid form near weld bead as shown in the below figure.Fig 3.5 excessive ptyalisewww.miller.com.pdfThe main causes to excessive spatter is the current too high for electrode and it avoid by decrease current or select larger electrode.3- Distortion contraction of weld metal during welding that forces base metal to move.Fig 3.6 Distortionwww.miller.com.pdfDistortion in the welding appear as result to excessive heat input. And there is many ways to solve this problem as1-Use restraint (clamp) to hold base metal in position2-Make tack welds along joint before starting welding operation.3-Select lower amperage for electrode.4-Increase travel speed5-Lack of Penetration shallow fusion between weld metal and base metal.Fig 3.7 lack of penetrationwww.miller.com.pdfThe lack of penetration appears as result for many causes as showing belowPossible causesCorrective actionImproper joint preparationMaterial too thick. occasion preparation and design must provide access to bottom of groove.Improper weld technique.1-Keep arc on leading edge of weld puddle.2-Reduce travel speed. lacking(p) heat input.Increase amperage. Select larger electrode and increase amperageTable 3.8 causes of penetration lackAdvantages of shield metal arc weldingThe shield arc welding have main further that represent the advantages as below1-Strong and tight joining rather than the other methods2-Cost effectiveness (have low capital and running cost)3- The arc welding Simplicity of welded structures design4- May be mechanized and automated or manual in some dutyDisadvantages of arc weldingThe using of the shield metal arc welding lead to some defect s as1- Internal stresses, distortion and change for the microstructure in the weld region2- Have harmful effects as radiation and fumes3.3 Application of the shield arc weldingThe arc welding it can be used in many applications as1-Buildings and bridges structures2-Automotive, ship and aircraft constructions3-Pipe lines4-Tanks and vessels (2.2)3.4 PolarityTo introduce what the polarity means and the different type of the polarity, first of all the project will show what is the difference between AC and DC?3.4.1 AC and DC currentWhat is the AC current?It means alternating current. In this current the electric charge flow periodically sprains oversight. The electric charge in this case will move for instance backward then it will reverse the direction again to move forward, then backward then forward over and over again.The waveform for alternating current is a sine wave. But sometimes in certain applications the waveform differs like square wave or triangular wave. acFileTypes of current by Zureks.svgtriangleRMS_fig_1Figure 3.9 current and wave typesDc currentWhat is the DC current?It means direct current because the electric charge in direct current moves in a constant direction, and that is the difference between DC and AC. The DC could be produced by such sources like thermocouples, batteries and solar cells.We can use a rectifier which is a current-switching ar run forment to obtain direct current from an alternating current. The concept of rectifier is containing electromechanical elements or electronic elements which allow current to flow only in one direction.FileCurrent correction diagram.svgFigure 3.10 current rectification diagrams3.4.2 AC and DC welding machinesThe welder or welding machine is the power source that we used in arc welding. There are three underlying types of weldingmachines used now which are rectifiers, motor- generators and transformersMotor generator welding machines (direct current welding machines)The motor generator could be powered by diesel, electrical or gasoline motor. We can use the gasoline and diesel motors in places where the electricity is not available or hard to reach it like deserts. With these machines we could generate either direct or alternating current. There are new and old machine types of these machines, the older type require reversing the cable connections in order to change the polarity. But in the new machines you can change the polarity from welding in the direct current mode to alternating current mode by turning a switch.The advantages of a (dc) welding generatorThe main advantage of a direct-current (dc) welding generator is that you can weld with either reverse or straight polarity.Almost we can weld all ferrous and non-ferrous metals.We can use DC in practically all welding operations so we can consider that DC is most universal in application.The output of generators like rectifier and transformer a sets is not affected by normal variations in power line voltage.Diesel dr iven generators form self-contained units.Disadvantages of a (dc) welding generatorThe initial cost is highThe machine operation is clamantThe maintenance cost is highAC transformers welding machinesThe static-transformer type is the arc welding machines that we used in alternating current. http//www.tpub.com/content/construction/14250/img/14250_134_2.jpgThe advantages of these types ofmachines are lightest, smallest and least(prenominal) expensive welders made. We can use 200, 300, and 400 ampere ratings for manual operation in industrialapplications. But in light industrial, job/shop and store welding we could use machines with a 150-ampere rating. These types of transforms equipped with arc- stabilizing capacitors.The advantage of a (AC) transformer welding machineThe main advantage of (AC) transformer welding machine is the freedom from arc blow. The arc blow causes the arc to wander while you are using large coated electrodes or welding in corners on heavy metal. The arc blo w often occurs when welding with direct current machines.PolarityWhat is the polarity?Figure 3.12 Straight and reverse polarity in electric welding.Polarity is the direction of the current flow in a circuit. There are two types of polarity reverse polarity and straight polarity. In the straight polarity the work piece is positive and the electrode is negative. The electrons move from the electrode to the work piece. In the reverse polarity the work- piece negative and the electrode is positive. The electrons move from the work piece to the electrode ac and dc current was briefly covered. http//www.tpub.com/content/construction/14250/img/14250_141_2.jpgThe effect of polarityThe polarity affects the amount of heat which is going to the base metal. You can direct the amount of heat to where it is needed as per the application you working in by changing the polarity. If you want to direct the majority of heat toward the work piece, you must use straight polarity. That type of polarity b eing used in some welding situations when it is desirable to have more heat on the work piece because of its size to melt the base metal than the electrode. We can use straight polarity for all mild-steel, bare, or lightly coated electrodes. If you want to concentrate the heat on the electrode, you can use reverse polarity because in this type less heat is concentrated at the work piece which allow filler metal to cool faster, giving it greater holding power because of this reverse polarity is being used when you are making vertical and overhead welds. Reverse polarity could be used in the welding of nonferrous metals such as bronze, aluminum and nickel.3.5 Heat Affected Zone3.5.1 Heat affected zone definition.The heat affected zone (HAZ) represented by the area of base material subjected to the high heat in order to achieve the welding process. The area which subjected to change in its microstructure and mechanical properties. SMAW process give a highly heat concentration in specif ied region called (fusion zone), produced in the region of heat affected zone. To calculated the amount of heat in the HAZ the following formula used.Q =60 VI / 1000SWhere Q = heat input (kj/mm), V = voltage (V), I = current (A), and S= welding speed (mm/ min). (2.10)The molten occur in the fusion region not in the heat affected zone. So that the HAZ heated to a high enough temperature for sufficient period that grain growth occurred. Heat affected zone is that location of the base metal which in it the mechanical properties and the microstructure have been affected by the heat of welding process.The heat affected zone is subjected to a complex thermic cycle (sudden heating followed by rapid cooling) in which all temperatures from the melting range of the metal down to much lower temperatures are involved and HAZ therefore consists of a series of graded structures ringing the weld bead. HAZ usually contains a variety of microstructures different from the remaining part from the base metal.The width of HAZ varies according to the welding process and technique in arc welds it extends only a few mm from the fusion boundary,The HAZ in most metal welding process of normal structure welded in one run with coated electrodes that to classify it to four basic region.3.6 Classification and DesignationThe classification of electrodes is done by one of the three following categoriesimages1 Strength of the deposited weld metal2 Current (ac or dc)Figure 3.13 Shield metal arc welding electrodes3 Types of coatingThe identification of electrodes is by numbers and letters as shown in the next table. Typical coated electrode dimensions are in the range of 150 to 460 mm (6 to 18 in.) in length, and 1.5 to 8 mm (1/16 to 5/16) in diameter.Specifications for electrodes and filler metals (including dimensional tolerances, quality control procedures, and processes) are published by the American welding society (AWS) and the American national standards institute (ANSI). Some specif ications appear in the aerospace materials specifications (AMS) by the society of automotive engineers (SAE). Electrodes are sold by weight and are available in a wide variety of sizes and specifications.3.7 Electrodes types and choicesWhen the choice of a suitable electrode is needed, many considerations are taken such as1 Quality of weld2 Penetration3 Used current whether AC or DC4 Crack resistantCHAPTER 4Defects appears in carbon steel weldingCarbon steelCarbon steel which it called also the plain carbon steel or the Mild Steel .It does also mean the steel where the main alloying element is carbon. When the carbon steel is specified minimum for copper does not exceed 0.40 portion and when the maximum content is specified for one of the following elements does not surpass the percentages known (manganese 1.65, silicon 0.60 and copper 0.60).The term carbon steel could also be used in position of steel which is actually not stainless steel, so the uses of carbon steel may conta in alloy steels.The low carbon steel has some properties similar to the properties of iron. As the content of the carbon going up, the metal becomes with some advantages such as harder and stronger and the disadvantages are less ductile and very hard or difficult to weld. Higher carbon steel usually has the lower the melting point and lower temperature resistance. Carbon steel content effects in yield strength of steel because carbon atoms are fit into the interstitial crystal lattice the places of the body-centered cubic (BCC) collections of the iron atoms. The spaces in carbon steel reduce the mobility of dislocations. To get dislocations to move, a high sufficient stress level should be applied to imbalances for the dislocations to separate them. All this happen because the spaces or the places of the carbon atoms cause in some of the iron BCC lattice cells to deform.Carbon steel is steels whose alloying elements do not exceed the following limitsElementMax weight %C1.00Cu0.60Mn1 .65P0.40Si0.60S0.054.2 Carbon steel properties and classificationsCarbon steels could be specified by chemical compositions, mechanical properties and thermal treatments.The following table shows the typical properties of steels with room temperature in (25C). The wide ranges of final the tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness are mostly due to the different between the heat treatment conditions. The different between the heat treatment conditions comes from the wide range of the the tensile strength, yield strength and hardness.PropertiesCarbon SteelsAlloy SteelsStainless Steels cats-paw SteelsDensity (1000 kg/m3)7.857.857.75-8.17.72-8.0Elastic Modulus (GPa)190-210190-210190-210190-210Poissons Ratio0.27-0.30.27-0.30.27-0.30.27-0.3Thermal Expansion (10-6/K)11-16.69.0-159.0-20.79.4-15.1Melting Point (C)1371-1454Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K)24.3-65.226-48.611.2-36.719.9-48.3Specific Heat (J/kg-K)450-2081452-1499420-500Electrical Resistivity (10-9m)130-1250210-125175.7-1020 flex ible Strength (MPa)276-1882758-1882515-827640-2000Yield Strength (MPa)186-758366-1793207-552380-440Percent Elongation (%)10-324-3112-405-25Hardness (Brinell 3000kg)86-388149-627137-595210-620www.efunda.comThe following groups show the subdivided of the plain carbon steelLowMediumHigh actually highLowThe low carbon steel has another name which is frequently called mild steels. Low carbon steel has less than 0.30 percent carbon and its one of the most commonly used. They machine and weld nicely and are more ductile than higher-carbon steels.MediumThe percentage of medium carbon steel is between 0.30 to 0.45 percent. When the carbon increases thats mean increasing in hardness and tensile strength and decreasing in ductility and more difficult machining.HighThe high carbon steel contains carbon which starts from 0.45 to 0.75 percent of carbon. These steels can be challenging to weld. Preheating or the post heating (which is useful to control the cooling rate). Heating during the welding process become very important or necessary to produce acceptable welds and to control the mechanical properties of the steel after welding.Very HighWith more than 1.50 percent of carbon content in very high carbon steel

Comparison of UK Building Contracts

Comparison of UK Building ContractsAssessment Terms of Contract Critical Evaluation Question standard practiseSamuel PerkinsIntroductionThis assignment aims to equal and contrast the various aspects of both the SBC/Q 2011 Standard Building Contract over against the NEC 3 Engineering and Construction Contract priced with Bill of Quantities 2013. Throughout the assignment I impart abbreviate these to SBC/Q 2011 and NEC3. I aim to evaluate the documents involved in the making of the bowdlerizes (10%/350 crys), the roles of those involved in the performance of the engender (20% / 700 words) , the avowers business towards the design (20% / 700 words) and finally concentrating on the payment aspect of each sign up (50%/1750 words). The iron outs will be assessed regarding revisions made in September 2011 to the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996. My word count will be including the above mentioned argonas not exceeding the 3500 words as required.Documents M aking up the ContractsIn the SBC/Q 2011 contract to a lower place aliment, the contract documents be defined in article 1.1. The issue with this is that the contract sum analysis and each(prenominal) schedule of rates are dependent on the respective ships company and can consequently not be deemed as contract documents under this condition. For the employer this would mean that the main, responsibility for the correct descriptions and quantities would be placed upon them mitigating risks for the contractor. Regarding any discrepancies within the contract documents it is the responsibility of the asseverator to inform the room decorator of any differences, nonetheless it should be noted that they are under no obligation to freely search for any discrepancies. Yet under condition 2.15 it states that if the contractor becomes aware of any such departure, error, omission or inadequacy as referred to in article 2.14 that he shall instantly give notice with appropriate detail s to the Architect/Contract executive director, who shall issue instructions in that regard. The discrepancies are alluded to items found in condition 2.15(1,2,3,4,5) which overfly the contract drawings, contract bills, instructions issued by the architect of contract administrator and finally the CDP documents. From the above we can see that SBC/Q 2011 shows a level-headed understanding to identifying contract documents.The main difference between the NEC3 and SBC/Q 2011 is that the NEC3 document doesnt define the condition Contract, and so there is no defining contract documents unlike SBC/Q 2011. It combats this within the guidance notes providing samples concerning a standard form of tender and form of agreement substituting themselves for actual contract documents. In the Core Clauses 12.4 it states that the contract is the entire agreement between the parties therefore combining the previously mentioned procedures involving the project management and contractual duties, liabilities and obligations. As discussed by Eggleston (2006) the term entire agreement has no legally definable definition until now the term entire contract which is also known as a sole agreement clause does. Therefore the contract can only be completed to the written legal injury and conditions, this excluding any implied terms of common constabulary remedies this relating to any legislation created by parliament as noted in (Galbraith, 2014). worry SC/Q 2011, NEC3 makes groomings regarding any discrepancies and contradictions between contract documents in Core Clause 17.1 however is much less distinct and clear cut in its definitions and clarity. The Clause states that The ascertain omnibus or the Contractor notifies the another(prenominal) as soon as either becomes aware of an ambiguity or inconsistency in or between the documents which are part of this contract. The foresee theatre director gives an instruction resolving the ambiguity or inconsistency. However this does conflict with Core Clauses namely 12.3 and 18.1 which would past suggest that the responsibility to report inconsistencies lies solely with the device Manager.Roles involved in the performance of the contractThe JCT contracts require the Architect to act as the Contract Administrator in regards to performance of the contract on behalf of the employer. below SBC/Q2011 the role of the architects expressed duties is covered in conditions 2.8 (1.2.3.4), 2.9, 2.11 and 2.12. These range from ensuring documents are supplied to the Contractor in accordance to the tucker schedule and initial contract documents to discharging the contract. As these are obligations of the architect they are therefore legally countable for the area of contract administration. Given the Architects professional built in bed and experience it is there province to ensure the contract is carried out under the implied terms of common law and to the terms and conditions of the contract, it is crucial that the Architect stays frank when making decisions.SBC/Q2011 states under condition 2.4 that it is the duty of the Contractor to continue with the take shape on a regular basis and attentively and comport the kit and caboodle perfect by the agreed completion date. The piss should progress steadily and in accordance to the contract in regards to time as noted in (Chappell 2012).If the Contractor is to make a breach of duty in respect of non-performance (not partial performance) of the contract would result in complete disregard to the contract terms and conditions which would understanding total non-performance. Provisions are made to non-performance regarding the employers in conditions 8.4, 8.5 and 8.7 which guarantees the Contractors continual advancement of deeds in the event of unpredictable circumstances delaying spend a pennys and the rectification of defect works.Unlike SBC/Q 2011, NEC3 does not mention the Architect under any of its clauses which removes any context o f the Architects involvement. Under Core clause 10.1 it stipulates that the legal transitions and agreements and between the Employer and Contractor and after(prenominal) the Project Manager and Supervisor. The provision of NEC3 states that the association of the Employer is to be related regarding their participation within the roles of the contract administration and are therefore a legal entity.The Project Manager exclusively has authority to change the work information, including issues and discharging any works instruction all of which is stated under Core clauses 14.3 and 27.3. Therefore the Project Manager is acting as the Employers Agent , allowing them to have a greater influence in decisions, which contrasts SBCQ/2011 whereby the Architect of Contract Administrator is more independent and acts in sovereignty.It is zippy that the appointed Project Manager under NEC3 be it a single person or firm is competent and professional in order to chance upon successful completion of the works and the contract due to the wide-ranging duties and obligations they are assigned. The Project manager and Supervisor can delegate works to other round members in order to carry out their duties. This is noted under Core clause 14.2 however, before this can be done the Contractor must be notified of what actions each member of staff has been assigned.NEC3 also differs variably from SBC/Q2011 in its lack of expressed terms stating the Contractors obligation to continue with the works regularly. Consequently it relies on the feed of Core clause 20.1 which state the Contractor is to Provide the works as defined in clause 11.2(3) along with disciplinary procedure that corner any delays to key dates, damages and or the payments scheme.It is important to note that NEC3 has no provisions in any of its Clauses that concerns any expressed terms that state the Project Manager should be neutral and equal, as mentioned above they are effectively acting as the Employers Agent. The refore any concerns regarding the issues of impartial and unbiased contract administration is an implied duty and should therefore be overseen by the implied terms of common law remedies as displayed in Constain Ltd and Others Corber v Bechtel Ltd Anor 2005.The Contractors Responsibility for DesignRegarding the responsibility of the design aspect the Contractor should have no involvement, except if it has clearly been requested and defined within the contract documents under the parameter of the Contractors design responsibility Chappell (2012). It is also worth mentioning that the term design should be used broadly and should also encompass not just drawings but also any written documents relating to the Contractors design proportion for typesetters case specifications and schedules of work.Lupton and Cornes (2013) The SBC/Q 2011 has previously required an additional supplement which is provided through the Contractors designed proportion part of the contract. With the Contracto rs design proportion the employer will then prepare their requirements known as the Employers Requirements, which is created from the performance specification that consequently then allows the Contractor to formulate and submit their proposals known as the Contractors Proposals. These are required when creating the contract documents and subsequently the contract sum. Under clause 2.13.2 it states that the Contractor shall not be responsible for the contents of the Employers requirements or for verifying the adequacy of any design contained within them. Furthermore under clause 2.2 titled Contractors Design similarity, it states what the Contractor should do where the works contain a Contractors Design Proportion. From these clauses it should be made clear the difference between the Contractors Design Proportion and the remainder of the job is to reduce any conflicts or confusion throughout the project. The Contractors liability is noted in clauses 2.1 and 2.19.1 and ensures that they do not exceed the level of works required, due to the Contractors liability being near equal to the Architects the liability is restricted to the Contractors skill and attention to details in their works.The NEC3 differs from SBC/Q 2011 and does not give the Contractor as much flexibility of which the Contractors design can operate. Clause 60.3 of NEC3 states that any inconsistencies with site information are the responsibility of the Employer. It is noted in Eggleston (2006) that due to the fact the Employer should have engagen into account the best site conditions as per 60(12) yet logically the Contractor should have allowances and precautionary measures in place, which is contradictive.The Contractors basic obligation is covered in core clauses 20.1 and the obligation for Contractors designed work in clause 21.1 which states what work and designs are required from the Contractor and that the Employer should state the works information, the criteria to which he requires des igns to conform. NEC3 is written to take account of common law remedies unlike SBC/Q2011 which uses expressed terms of provisions when discussing the Contractors liability regarding the works being fit for purpose.NEC3 optional clause X15.(1.2) limits the Contractors liability to reasonable skill and care much like SBC/Q2011 clause 2.1. This clause could be interpreted differently regarding fitness for purpose as the Contractor could complete the works with reasonable skill and care however could not be meeting their contractual obligations.Clause 21.2 states that the Contractor is responsible for the design standards, materials and products unless it is stated otherwise in the works information. As common law remedies implied on any warranties unless they are excluded.PaymentSBC/Q 2011s provisions states that the parties involved should agree to suitable staged payments or Milestones as they are more commonly known, however if staged payments cannot be agreed upon the contract prov isions will default to interim payments as per condition 4.9 (1.2) where a monthly valuation is submitted. It is therefore crucial that all valuations submitted for interim certificates are reasonably accurate and do not need to be perfectly correct, this will allow for any errors from miscalculations created from the difficulty of the matter as revealed in Secretary of say for Transport v Birse-Farr Joint Venture 1993 62 BLR 36.Interim bars account for the completed work at Bill of Quantity rates along with a percentage of lump sums, the final amount is due when the whole work has been re-measured in accordance with the Bill of Quantities. Eggleston (2006)Interim valuations should be calculated via gross valuation, which include for the deduction of retention and any previously arranged payments certified as due. Provisions regarding this are found under 4.16 (1.2.3) discussing work executed, site materials and listed items. Yet staged payments should be agreed before the work is commenced and should correlate to relevant milestones and work sections. However this procedure should require periodic re-evaluations due to the administrative nature. Regarding in the event of insolvency as previously mentioned, the site materials in particular any stored off-site can be a difficult to identify whom they belong to, however noted in the provisions of SBC/Q 2011 under Terms of Conditions 4.17 (1-5) these materials become property of the Employer provided they are accounted for in an interim certificate. The Contractor must also provide proof to ensure all offsite materials are insured. Therefore any implied terms of common law remedies regarding SGA 1979 are in excluded of their respective powers. To act upon the above the retention of title clause must be completed in order to identify the alley the transfer of title takes, this is usually done methodically working through the supply chain from the Contractor, Subcontractor and Manufacturer, again checked against interim payments of that Contractor.The principles of payments should be governed by terms of the contract provisions and also by any implied terms of common law remedies like SGA 1979 and SOGSA 1982 as noted in Hughes, Mills, and OBrien (2008). In SOGSA 1982 it establishes that a payment should be made to any provider of work including the provision of any good or services supplied. However if it is expressed in the terms of the contracts provision a right to set off can be put in place to exclude any implied terms of common law remedies as seen in the case of Acsim (Southern) Ltd v Danish Contracting and Development Co Ltd 1992 47 BLR 59 and Gilbert-Ash Northern v Modern Engineering Bristol) Ltd 1974 AC 689. any interim certificates under the provisions of the SBC/Q 2011 are to adhere to the dates specified under the contract particulars throughout the contract and its conditions. Condition 4.10 (1.2) under contract provisions the contractor should receive a written notice statin g the amount to be paid and the methodology used to calculate the sum, this should be received no less than 5 old age after the submission of the interim certificate from the Contractor. It is therefore common physical exercise for a reference to the interim certificate and copy of the valuation to be prepared by the Contract Administer or Quantity Surveyor. It should be noted that in comparison to either the Contract Administrator or Architect they would be held accountable to the parties involved due to the concern of skill and care.Regarding the final payment a few conditions must be mentioned firstly condition 4.12 (1-7) which covers details interim payments final date and amount most importantly that the final date for interim payment shall be no later than 14 days from the original issuing of the interim certificate. It also provides instructions on how to proceed with any pay less notices. Secondly the under the provisions of condition 4.15 (1-9) under title Final certificat e and final payment instructs that the final payment will match the final certificate. The final payment should amount to the total of the contract price while taking into account all additional works and omissions, less the staged payments that have been paid throughout the projects work.As discussed by Ramsey (2000)the case of Lubenham V South Pembrokeshire DC 1986 33 BLR 39 showing how the Contract Administrator should abide to the provisions of expressed terms of the contract while performing their contractual procedure, in which the contractor will have no motive or reason to challenge the certificates issued.NEC3 differs from SBC/Q 2011 in the methods used relating to payment schemes. Firstly it is the Project Managers responsibility to assess the amount of the payments due at the assessment date and consequently they are accountable to ensure the submission of application to confirm payment. The Project Manager is also responsible for determining the first assessment date. Th is is found under Core Clause 50.1 under title assessing the amount due. Clause 51.1 stating that the in vogue(p) dates that the Project Manager can certify the payment are fixed throughout the contract relating to each assessment date, this is usually a period of 1 week from the date.NECs secondary option Clause X16 (1.2) is similar to condition 4.20 (1.2.3) of SBCQ/2011 in its replication which defaults the retention percentage to either 3% unless otherwise stipulated under the contract particulars. Regarding the Core clauses that relate to retention there are no expressed terms found in the contract provisions. Core Clause 50.3 is designed to be a powerful motivation to the Contractor and can incur a 25% deduction until the Project Manager confirms a programme submitted by the Contractor, however no provisions are made that make any reference to the final certificate, which consequently means that certificates have no order of precedence and polemically no contractual status.As we are aware it is the Project Managers responsibility under Core Clause 50.1 to access and certify each payment amount at the given assessment dates, along with this under Clause 50.4, it states that the Project Manager should take into account any submissions by the Contractor that however the responsibility remains on the Project Manager the amount due regardless if he has not received a submission from the Contractor.Any assessment that is issued after the defect certificate will be considered as is common practise as the final assessment which will lead to the final certificate, therefore from clause 50.4 it is tacit that without the Contractors submission of a final account before the last assessment they will lose any influence they have regarding payment. However this clause may cause disputes between the Contractor and Project Manager regarding the information supplied from the contractors original submitted programme, as this considered to meet the requirements of the cont racts agreement. Clause 50.3 is biased in its favouring to the Project Manager, therefore the Contractor may wish to seek adjudication if they believe they have any conflicts throughout the project as the clause provides the opportunity to invoke a penalization clause.NEC Core clause 50.5 is designed to provide motivation to the Contractor to submit a programme which contains information required for the contract, within this clause it is understood that if the amount has been inaccurately assessed is difficult to comprehend. It is implied that the Contractor will not be entitled to any correction of the next payment certificate. Usually it is common practice for inaccurate assessments to be corrected on the later payment certificates without the Project Managers admission. However, if the Project Manager does not correct the assessment in question again the Contractor can seek adjudication by an Adjudicator. If the Project Manager does admit to a mistake following a tribunal or ad judication, under the provisions of core clause 51.3 it is liable to attract interest calculated from the date when the increased amount would have been certified if there had been no dispute.Core Clauses 11.2(21), 11.2(22) and 11.2.(28) relate to Payment in Main Option B Priced Contract with BOQ. The Term bill of quantities is defined in clause 11.2(21) which define its meaning and therefore the how the BOQ relates to other clauses. Clause 11.2(21) is very similar to Core Clause 11.2(20) of the main Option A priced contract with activity schedule. Finally Core Clauses 11.2(28) and 11.2(31) define the completed work ensuring it cannot be misinterpreted regarding payment terms.ReferencesChappell, D. (2012) Understanding JCT standard building contracts. 9th edn. London, United Kingdom Taylor Francis.Eggleston, B.Ce. (2006) The NEC 3 engineering and building contract A commentary. 2nd edn. Oxford, UK Wiley, throne Sons.Galbraith, A., Stockdale, M., Wilson, S., Mitchell, R., Hewitso n, R., Spurgeon, S. and Woodley, M. (2014) Galbraiths building and land management law for students. 6th edn. Oxon Routledge.Hughes, S., Mills, R. and OBrien, P. (2008) Payment in construction A practical guide. Coventry RICS Books.Lupton, S. and Cornes, D.L. (2013) Cornes and Luptons design liability in the construction industry. 5th edn. London, United Kingdom Wiley-Blackwell (an imprint of John Wiley Sons Ltd).Ramsey, Vivian. Construction Law Handbook. 1st ed. London Thomas Telford, 2000. Print.CasesAcsim (Southern) Ltd v Danish Contracting and Development Co Ltd 1992 47 BLR 59 and Gilbert-Ash Northern v Modern Engineering Bristol) Ltd 1974 AC 689.Constain Ltd and Others Corber v Bechtel Ltd Anor 2005.Lubenham V South Pembrokeshire DC 1986 33 BLR 39Secretary of State for Transport v Birse-Farr Joint Venture 1993 62 BLR 36.

Many Factors That Affect Communication Social Work Essay

Many Factors That Affect Communication Social Work undertakeInterpersonal skills, majority of the coach-and-fours chose interpersonal skills as their greatest strength. Managers moldiness(prenominal) fuck off a good communion skill in dealing with their stakeholders. In Catherine Lodge, our portion outr has useful communication skills in dealing with the entire situation with regards to residents needs if it is universe met, staff, and residents families.A good ships confederation wouldnt draw a in truth difficult foundation without a squad that helps in problem-solving. C atomic number 18 readyers must be totallyotful in recognising a problem by assessment, know the possible realise and effect, and plan for the procedure thoroughly. Team work provide set in, as the person who recognises the problem result report to the team, to assess, collect all the data, and to plan the outstrip action. Communication is still there as they ar following a process of solving a problem, and in decision-making. (http//www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2629217?uid=3738032uid=2129uid=2uid=70uid=4sid=21101226337883)The aim of the policy is to break that the effective channels of communication argon established, donjoned and maintained. It believes that the communication of good cultivation promotes quality bid, offers clients assistance in making in rolled choices and plays a resilient role in motivating and supporting staff.To en competent us to fulfil our statutory responsibilities to raise collapsement. To communicate effectively with staff about ongoing issues, policies and procedures. To provide opportunities to consult with staff and for them to express theirViews and offer ideas and suggestions. To communicate effectively with clients and their representatives. To promote the quality of wasting diseasefulness that we provide to our clients.Technology is moving so fast today that we stomach many electronic aids to help us communicate. For exam ple, smart phones advise used to cast calls, send text messages and emails can used to make video call where you can see the person on the new(prenominal) line, can leave a voice message if its not available.There are many factors that affect communication. They are Sensory deprivation when soulfulness cannot receive or pass cultivation because of ocular and interpreting disabilities. Foreign language when someone has dissimilar accent, diverse pronunciations, and/or uses sign language that the other person does not speak, or understand. Jargon Using of medical terminology to a patients, dish users, and family members that they may not understand, it is better to explain things according to the aim of their understanding because understanding the facts can make something appear less scary. Slang when a solicitude worker uses a language that is not e very(prenominal)one uses, or familiar with.Cultural differences there are some things that has the same heart but co uld mean different in two cultures. For example, keeping an eye allude whilst communicating is seen as being respectful, and being truthful, but for some culture like in eastbound Asia for them it is a sign of being rude and defiant. Distress everyone can experience distress, this can be difficult for them to clearly understand what is being said due(p) to lack of focus. Emotional difficulties every one of us has emotional difficulties at times and can make us upset. The negative effect is not to hear or understand clearly what the other person is is narrateing you and can lead to misunderstanding. health issues when the person is ill, he/she cannot be an effective communicator, especially service users that suffering from Parkinsons disease or Multiple Sclerosis affect an separates dexterity to communicate properly, anxiety worker should be trained and aware on how to work with these commonwealth.Communication Audit it is a method use to identify the Strengths and Weakn ess of your current and external communications.Organisations recognise the benefit of keeping their customers, clients, investors, partners and/or members aware of accident with in their organisation. The techniques they choose are varied, ranging from the tried and true e.g. e-mailings, and website postings, variant of high technology tools. Placing a suggestions box at the front door gives the residents family to write their comments and suggestions anonymously or they can name their names, and/or they can even go straight to the managers, seniors for their comments. Making quarter year survey that requires family member of clients to answer a questionnaire, and they are free to add their comments.When Stakeholders reach out developing and implementing a promotion plan We go into developing a promotion plan. We offer step and examples. From there we look at what a communication plan entails. Emerging from this we look at relating to the media. We highlight the importance of ide ntifying key messages and who your target audience is for different promotion work. Finally, we offer lots of suggestions for nervous speechmakers.Promoting your organisation when people reach in A large part of an organisations work happens by means of telephone contact and with visitors coming to your office. If you put people off with a negative attitude when people phone in or visit, you will probably end up having an organisational image not to your liking. So, we look at promoting your organisations image in this context. We give ideas about your reception area, how you receive people, handling phone calls and e-mails. And we end off feeling at how you can monitor and evaluate your organisat ion. line of work 2 ReportCatherine Lodge is a residential grapple home that aims to provide continuous captain interest to all its residents within a safe, friendly and relaxed environment. It caters up to 39 elderly residents providing each individual with a personal form of servic e derived from a carefully formulated care plan that meets their needs. This is provided both in short and long term basis depending on each individual. Since each resident has particularised needs that range from physical, psychological, mixer or spiritual needs on a 24 hour basis it requires a certain level of violence to facilitate this.Show me the coin Well, thats what financial data do. They show you the money. They show you where a companys money came from, where it went, and where it is now.There are four main financial data. They are (1)balance cerements (2)income statements (3)cash flow statements and (4)statements of shareholders rectitude. Balance sheets show what a company owns and what it owes at a fixed point in time. Income statements show how much money a company made and spent over a period of time. Cash flow statements show the exchange of money betwixt a company and the outside world alike over a period of time. The fourth financial statement, called a sta tement of shareholders equity, shows changes in the interests of the companys shareholders over time.A balance sheet provides detailed information of companys asset, liabilities and shareholders equity.Assets are things that company owns that have value. They can either be sold or used by the company to provide operate that can also be sold. It also includes physical property of the residents that can/cant be touched but nevertheless exist and have value.Liabilities are amounts of money that a company owes to others e.g. all kinds of obligations like borrowed money from a bank, presentroll a company owes to its employees, environmental costs, taxes owed, and obligations to provide good quality of services.Shareholders equity or capitalIncome statements is a report that shows how much revenue a company earned over a specific period, it also shows the companys net remuneration and losses.Cash flow statement report a companys inflows and outflows of cash. This is important because a company needs to have enough cash on hand to pay its expenses and purchase assets. While anincome statementcan tell you whether a company made a profit, a cash flow statement can tell you whether the company generated cash. It shows the net increase or decrease in cash for a period.In Residential home, we have enough staff to work in the morning, in the afternoon and at night. We have a monthly staff meeting to raise our concern at work, problems with our colleagues, and suggestions on resident/s care plan, and we also have a separate Senior Carers meeting, the Manager/Owner and the alternate Manager evermore presents the Carers the needs of good communication, and team work. We have supervision every 3 months, the manager is giving feedback to identify our strengths and weaknesses, and if they think the staff needs to be trained, and appraisal every 6 months in which we rate ourselves, and the Deputy Manager is rating the staff as well in our performance, we can voice out our ow n opinion, about the job, colleagues and if we are getting support from the Managers. The company also provided us mandatory training, manual of armss, booklets, presentation from the lecturer and a questionnaire that we need to answer at the end of the training. Catherine Lodge has a seasonal newsletter where they insert new staff member, residents who celebrated their birthday, and about the achievements of the company.A good communication skill is very important, specially working in care settings. Working with compromising adults requires more understanding, must have different techniques and strategies use in supporting communication between the individual with specific communication needs. Good communication with dangerous adult is essential. This includes identifying behaviour triggers, by means of visual prompts and speaking in short, clear sentences. I considered that the social workers used verbal and non-verbal forms of communications and applied the principles of spr ightly listening. Some people with disabilities are not able to use speech as their principle means of communication. They may however be able to use an alternative method of communication such as symbols and symbolical languages. It is vital to recognise that symbols are different from pictures. Pictures generally convey a lot of information at once but their focus is a good deal unclear. Symbols, on the other hand, are often designed to convey a particular meaning. Symbols or symbolic languages can be applied to represent many aspects of verbal communication. Symbols can be presented through visual, auditory and/or tactile media and can take the form of gestures, photos, manual signs, printed words, objects, reproduced spoken words or Braille. Symbols help understanding which can increase involvement, choice and confidence. It helps support creativity and self expressions. Using mobile phones at work is strictly prohibited, as it may interfere in whatever the carer is doing or i t may cause accident e.g if the Carer is feeding, doing morning care. Some residents may have challenging behaviour that sometimes affects the carer itself, they best react in a calm, quiet environment, Carer must consider the Residents preference, cultural difference, language and environment, assumptions, judging, noise, and distraction.The use of technology helps the care workers by having an easy access by only typing the residents name all his/her information daily report will come out in one click, comparison graph of residentials weight incomparable from past to present will easily available in one click, not unlike if it is just written and filled you have to search for it and check the book where you filed it. Make work a lot easy, report will neat and tidy, because it is easy to redact if you accidentally misspelled.Di good-for-naughtvantage of it is if the computer got virus and/or the system got hacked all the information will wipe out, that will give an extra work for the manager, care workers, and andmin.Code of Practice sets out the minimum standards and guidelines for hygiene, fire building safety, and the level of care required , which aims at ensuring that residents in the homes receive services of acceptable standards that are of benefit to them physically, emotionally and socially. (http//www.swd.gov.hk/doc/downsecdoc/code_rchpd.pdf)I will assess the workplace strategies, policies and procedures that should be in place to ensure good practice in relation to all forms of communication in health and social care setting. The health and social care industry mainly focuses on the heart of care. Since it involves people, communication takes a very important role. Effective communication is not only significant to the health care professionals in ensuring the improvement of clients quality of life by addressing their needs. It is also the clients and support systems right in the promotion of their equalizeity and diversity as people.Workplace s trategies, policies, and procedures for good practice in communication focus on ensuring privacy, and confidentiality, disclosure, protection of individuals, rights and responsibilities, and equal opportunities. Moreover, a practice on disciplinary procedures, complaints policy, and flexible working also benefit the entire health care team. If all these flow efficiently, there will be no hindrance in the system of communication. For example, one of our residents had a GP appointment and I escorted her. When we arrived in the GP surgery, the receptionist asks the residents loudly for the reason that I am in the GP surgery in which other patients can hear, there is a break in the policy of ensuring privacy. Whenever I start expressing my concerns at her pace, then I will definitely not have my privacy. It establishes a barrier between us personally and professionally. As a patient, I cogency start complaining with regards to her action.Effective communication is a key factor in succe ss may it be in work or association. It is everlastingly a part of personal and professional progress. Therefore, to master communication skills and techniques is a very important area to develop in each individual. In the addicted scenario its implication is to render a quality health care service which benefits the service providers and the service users.Data Protection is designed for person responsible for safeguarding the confidentiality of information and of the person giving his or her own information. One of its purposes is to safeguard the fundamental rights of individuals.This act governs the right storage and processing of personal data held in manual records and on computers. Under this act, the rights of the individual are protected by forcing organisations to follow proper and sound practices, known as data principles (DPP). Reporting and recording of information is a vital form of communication needed to ensure the safety of vulnerable adults. Parts of a carers dail y routine should include making notes in a care file, as well as using communication books, forms and documents. Make sure that the writing is legible and clear, that is signed and dated, and that where necessary copies are made.http//transparency.dh.gov.uk/dataprotection/information-charter/Health and Safety inspections are an important monitoring tool to help ensure that workplace hazards are controlled and that risk to employees and others are eliminated or minimised. Inspections should be carried out regularly.Carers must inspect the equipment/s before using it, report and record all faulty equipment/s to the Manager e.g. heating, lightning, and ventilation. Charter is for anyone who has dealings with the Department of Health whether through correspondence, involvement in public policy consultations or if for any other reason we hold personal information about the resident.Communication and listening gives clues to a better understanding of an individuals preferences and wishes. Gathering information about an individual will lead to creative and supportive ways of providing care. Carers must exercised active listening and having the ability to empathise with the residents by paraphrasing what the others saying to her and understand it. So that, she will increased the trust and gain more information from the individuals. Communication itself is influenced by individuals values and culture. Carers should always make sure of eye contact focus on what they are saying and acknowledged what is being said to her by paraphrasing or nodding her head. Carers must also use different technique to enhance their social culture, beliefs and values. Like for instances, I usually greets and chat with the individuals by smiling , Carers must apply the genius of touch in her communication. I believes that by means of touch can be a very appointed form of communication in that it can provide comfort and re-assurance when someone is distressed making them feel safe and secur e, it can also be a signed of love, respect and affection to soul or it may calm someone who is agitated. In this case carers show that they met the desires of the human beings to their client which are love, purpose and self expression.Carers should be warm and sympathize with in nature and she has the ability to connect well with others. Fine qualities and having a good communication skill plays important role in the delivery of care in whatever ethnicity, sex, education or social care they may be.Saving face is saving your credibility, dignity and ethics by means of being honest, getting out of the situation by means of good explanation.Theories of Organisational communicationAttraction- selection attrition framework In Attraction, everyone is different, people are differently attracted to a career for different reasons, this could be their passion, helping and/or looking after people could make them happy and fulfilled, even if they just want to try different job, and this is depending on their personality to choose the organization they want. In Selection, in organization the Manager chooses who she thinks will qualified for the job, with the same interest, goals, and personal reasons. Attrition, this is the complete opposite of attraction, where the people who didnt qualify, or found that they are not happy with the organization, management, job tend to leave, only those people who have the same ideas, interest, fits in the job chose to stay. A very good example is in the residential home I used to work, Id chose that residential home to apply because of a good reputation. The manager hired me because she thinks have got the qualification they are looking for, and I can contribute to the organization. I and the other lady started working as a Induction carer, 3 age after the manager talked to me, and told me my colleagues are happy working with me and I can start working as a regular carer, working on my own. The sad part was, the new lady didnt appea r two days after.http//www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Public%20Relations,%20Advertising,%20Marketing%20and%20Consumer%20Behavior/Attraction-Selection-Attrition_Framework(ASA).doc/There are many types of organizational communication. Individuals communicate with peers, superiors, and subordinates within the organization. Managers manage through communication. Employee communication departments attempt to inform and/or secure cooperation from employees. Labour relations specialists deal with labour unions. Formal and informal communication takes place between departments and role occupants throughout the organization. Public relations specialists communicate to external audiences about the organization in general,and advertising departments communicate to consumers about the organizations products and services. Change agents and other organizational representatives communicate with clients and community representatives. Finally, organizations communicate with other organizations which generally share common problems or values. In groupthink or team work, a manager or team leader should be sensitive, open to accept suggestions from your subordinates in order to meet the target goal. Working in groups are building blocks for meeting organization goals. Managers should also consider ways to develop leadership in team members. Training for versatility in leadership styles through workshops could encourage this growth. Encouraging self-growth through concept of motivation.It is very important to have an effective communication at shift turnover Care workers should give this a high priority. Shift turnover should be include in the safety-critical topics supervised and audited periodically by management. They should identify its importance in policy and procedures, assign responsibilities and set minimum standards. A description of how to conduct an effective handover should be available so individuals can assess and improve their own practice. High risk handovers needing extra attention should be flagged up.The importance of effective communication skills during shift handover and throughout other work activities suggests this attribute should be amongst the selection criteria for key posts. Furthermore, opportunities should be available for existing staff to develop their communication skills if required.To be able to motivate a care worker is to identify his strengths and weaknesses, and by giving him feedback. Being open to accept negative feedback is the key for being nut-bearing by improving, and being eager to learn, and update skills. Team work and good communication with one another will make each others work easy.Task 3 Interpersonal communicationHow the use of ICT in health and social care benefits service users? The Information Communication Technology aims to the efficiency of the health care services. This means to b a better outcome for the same or a lesser use of resources. ICT also helps and empowers th e health and social care staff, it improves positive patients experiences and facilities research and development relevant to health and social care, the legal consideration in the use of ICT is the Health and Safety. How the ICT supports and enhances the activities of care workers and care organisations? As aforementioned, the ICT supports and enhances health and social care activities of care workers and care organisations. It is through administrative, financial, clinical, infrastructure applications, etc. That the needs of staff are met and there is a high regard innovation in business administration, efficiency and quality of service. It also helps in meeting requirement of other agencies, accountability, and audit. For example, the use of a computer screen is an indication of a patients arriver makes the work of the receptionist lighter and easier. Imagine if there was no such thing then the receptionist will have to entertain every person coming in a queue. She will not have enough have time to do other things.Working with vulnerable adult, Professionals must shows different techniques and strategies used in supporting communication between the individual with specific communication needs. Good communication with people with vulnerable adult is essential. This includes identifying behaviour triggers, by means of visual prompts and speaking in short, clear sentences. I considered that the carers must use verbal and non-verbal forms of communications and applied the principles of active listening. Some people with disabilities are not able to use speech as their principle means of communication. They may however be able to use an alternative method of communication such as symbols and body language. It is vital to recognise that symbols are different from pictures. Pictures generally convey a lot of information at once but their focus is often unclear. Symbols, on the other hand, are often designed to convey a particular meaning. Symbols or body language can be applied to signify many aspects of verbal communication. Symbols can be presented through visual, auditory and/or tactile media and can take the form of gestures, photos, manual signs, printed words, objects, reproduced spoken words or Braille. Symbols help understanding which can increase involvement, choice and confidence it helps support creativity and self expressions.Theories of Interpersonal CommunicationUncertainty reduction model mint have an urge or need to reduce uncertainty about individuals that they find attractive and this motivates them to communicate In Social network theory silence develops if people proceed in gradual and orderly fashion from superficial to more intimate levels of exchange. sight consciously and deliberately weigh the costs and rewards associated with a relationship and seek relationships that reward them and avoid those that are costly. People connect with others because they believe that rewards or positive outcomes will result. Expect ancy value model People believe according to their expectations, and evaluation. The behaviours they perform in response to their beliefs and values are undertaken to achieve some end. However, although expectancy-value theory can be used to explain cardinal concepts in uses and gratifications research, there are other factors that influence the process.Attribution theory is significantly driven by motivational drives, looking at how the person constructs the meaning of an event based on the persons motives to find cause on persons surroundings.Personal development planning is the lifelong process of nurturing, shaping, and updating persons knowledge. It is about allowing individuals to improve and develop in line with the industry in which they engage or aspire to engage. It is about widening or broadening their knowledge and skills in order that they will continue to have a place in the flatter structures of todays organisations.The benefits of personal development planning are t hat it provides a schedule to work to motivate the individual and suggests a framework for monitoring and evaluating achievements. A good example is If you are currently working as a first line manager or senior administrator and aspire to the position of your manager, you may need to acquire new skills or develop your lower level skills to a higher level in, for example, budgeting, managing people, performance review, report writing and chairing meetings. You would need to planhow you are going to acquire these skills and over what time frame. Personal development planning can also be the basis for Assessing where you want to be and how you can get there ,keeping skills up-to-date through meetings, trainings, reading the record book of the residents, updating it via computer, particularly in IT and technical areas, Continuous learning, gaining satisfaction from achievements through feedback from colleagues and management whether it is formal or informal, Building up transferable s kills, such as time management, adaptability to change, self-awareness, and supporting future employability. You have to set yourself a SMART objective they must be attainable, viable and realistic time-frame.A good example of SMART objective isWithin the following 12 months (time-bound), I will devise and implement a system (specific) which will enable the team to communicate more effectively with each other (achievable and realistic) through monthly group meetings and three-monthly one-to-one meetings (measurable).

Drinking Water Sustainability Essay -- Potable Water Scarcity

Introduction The importance of piddle, in relation to the Earth and its inhabitants, can only be rivaled by the importance of oxygen. accompaniment things depend on water in their habitat. However, the abundance of water is not as important as the usefulness of the water. Much of the Earth is made up of this unique liquid combination of hydrogen and oxygen, but the amount that can be used for merciful consumption is less than one percent (Boland, 2003). In essence, humans use potable water, water that is suitable for drinking and cooking, to satisfy their basic needs. Drinking (potable) water is free from poisonous substances, contaminants, and disease-causing organisms, which would be unsafe for human consumption (Gulflink). In pre-historic times, inhabitants understood the importance of water sustainability for survival of the population. In ancient civilizations, water sustainability and potable water were both emphasized as ideals for the advance and continuity of the societi es. Today, humans continue to progress in their understanding and utilization of technological processes to develop potable water. As a result, water filtration, water management, and water conservation efforts are becoming more effective and commonplace. Thus, as the technology continues to improve the quality of water as a resource, we cannot forget the basis to which late(prenominal) cultures had accepted the continual existence or sustainability of this limited resource.Abstract A Historical Perspective Mans existence relies on water, and he cannot go for more than seven days without it. M.N. Baker, a water quality historian, states, In the earliest days of the human race, water was taken as found. It might be pure and abundant, plentiful but mud... ...ment in the twenty-first century What should we do, not what can we do? The National Academies. . Accessed 11 October 2004.Phippen, Kari. Ancient Egypt culture The ancient Egyptian peoples dependence on the Nile. . Accessed 11 October 2004.Potable water through solar energy. The Tribune India. 18 March 2003. . Accessed 11 October 2004.University of South Florida Department of gracious and Environmental Engineering. Water resources and environmental systems. Flyer.VOC polluted water remediation technology. Sasakura Engineering Company Ltd. . Accessed 11 October 2004.