Wegman free essay sample

Question 04: What is the primary source of Wegmans’s culture, and what are some ways that it has been able to sustain itself? Answer: The culture of an organization does not immerge automatically at once. It is a consequence of series of activities that had been enforced by the group who influenced to create it, change it and who actually lives together with in transforming the culture to the future. For most of the organizations, it is the founder who begins the culture. Being the founders they have a major impact on deciding the cultural characteristics that would be engraved to the organizations that they form. They decide the vision and have a mind set of what type of culture that will be adopted in achieving the vision at the end. It is also the founders who had become the ultimate source of Wegmans’s culture as well. They were brothers, John and Walter wegman. We will write a custom essay sample on Wegman or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They had started this company with one grocery store in Rochester, New York in 1930. More importantly distinguishing their culture from the perceived cultures in other organization’s of the same industry. The early culture as well as business strategy they used quickly separated their company from existed groceries and created a unique identity for them. This culture creation occurred in mainly three ways: * They hire the people who think the same way : The pioneers of wegmans had interest on food and they thought the employees should also possessed the same interest. They indoctrinated and socialized these employees in to their way of thinking and feeling. * Their own behavior acted as a role model that encourages employees to internalized the core values, norms and practices of founders to themselves. This is evident by the decisions which had taken by Walter’s Son in 1950. – Implemented a generous number of employee benefits such as profit sharing and medical coverage, completely paid by the company. The same followed by Danny, Robet’s Son, launched an immense college scholarships program for its employees at the expense of company. Once the culture is in place it is organizational practices that encounters its ability to sustain itself and move forward. The Human resource management functional plays a vital role in this context. Some Of them are : * Employee Selection * Employee Performance Evaluations. * Promotional/Reward Systems. * Training and carrer developments. Etc. Apart from the above analysis there three forces which particularly important when developing a sustainable culture. * Selection practices. * The actions of top Management. * Socialization. In Wegman’s company the following forces has been highlighted as the ways of transforming an early culture towards a sustainable one. * Selection Practice. while maintaining the primary objective of the selecting process, hiring a candidate with right knowledge, qualifications, skills and abilities, consider how well that person right fit in to the organization culture. This ensures that a proper match with individual’s values and norms with those of the organization. This theory has been explicitly adopted by Wegamans. They have a cultural value for focusing on serving fine food. This requires that their employees should have a real interest in food. This is achieved by hiring the employees who have a real interest over the foods. They are not selected as merely having the intellectual ability or experience required to perform their job, additionally a main cultural value also matches at the selection. * The actions of top Management. The actions of top management also have a greater impact on organization’s culture. Their statements, their behaviors reflect the culture they are in as well as affect the sustainability of culture. This further filter down through the organization management structure. The president of the company in 1950 had made a statement â€Å"I was no different from them,† referring to the company’s employees. Through this statement he had demonstrated how the top management treats their employees while creating a happy, loyal and well committed, work force. Moreover the statement made by Jeff Burris,a supervisor at the Dullles,Virginia Store has also expressed his conformity towards the main cultural value of selection procedure adopted by company. As denoted above the important welfare plans launched by former presidents also shows us how well the top management recognizes the culture in Wegman, respect and contribute to its sustainability. * Socialization. This is a process that adapts employees to the organization’s culture. When a new employee is hired, he is new to the organization. The organization wants to help the new comer to transform the core elements of its culture and let the person become a member of its culture. This adaptation is called socialization. The socialization consists three stages. * Pre Arrival Stage. * Encounter Stage. * Metamorphosis stage. 03. 01 Pre Arrival Stage. This is one set of socialization process that occurs before a new employee joins the organization. It is apparent that in Wegmans the selection procedure has been designed such a way to match with its core values. So candidate requires to be â€Å"right type†. It can be reasonably assumed that at the selection it takes place a two way communication and ensures the value of culture is preserved. * Encounter Stage. In this stage solicitation is taken place once the new employee is recruited in to the organization. Here the new employee really sees what the organization like and judge how his attitudes, expectations are affected. He might compare his expectations vs reality and probably a divergence may exist. Wegmans has identified this is crucial as same as the pre arrival stage. They very well planned this in their organic growth. The growth is quite slow in order to maintain a sustainable culture. As the culture is so important for their business. They do open only two new stores per year. More importantly the employees from existing stores are brought in to the new store, which enables them to transmit their knowledge and the store’s values to new employees. This is how their culture has been able to sustain itself. * Metamorphosis stage. As a result of the socialization, the new comer changes and adjusts to the job, work group and organization. In this stage the he feels that he is comfortable, satisfied and accepted by their peers as trusted and valued individual. There are two stories which evident that the employees have undergone this socialization process and reached to the this stage. One story is about Sara Goggins ,and another one with Keely Schoeneck. In addition to that there are further more information available in the case study to prove that their promotional system also in built towards who contribute/support the culture will reward well. More than half of their managers had started their carrer in Wegmans when they were teenagers. Due to the ways explained above Wegmans culture is alive culture which has been able to sustain itself which has extensively contributed for its effectiveness and finally to the sucees of the company.

Brand Loyalty Depends On Brand Elements The WritePass Journal

Brand Loyalty Depends On Brand Elements Introduction Brand Loyalty Depends On Brand Elements IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction A brand is a design, term, name, or any feature used to identify the products or services of a seller from the ones of other sellers in the market (Jacoby and Chestnut, 1978). Although there is a large body of research on brand loyalty in marketing literature, the relationship between brand loyalty and brand elements has not always been well documented or understood. In this essay, the contention of whether brand elements play a significant role in influencing the loyalty of consumers shall be raised. First, a definition of brand loyalty and brand elements will be outlined, followed by arguments for and against the claim that brand loyalty is dependent on brand elements. In so doing, this essay will draw on marketing and consumer behaviour literature as well as case studies from well-known brands to illustrate the arguments. Brand loyalty has been considered as the conscious or unconscious decision of a consumer to continually repurchase a brand (Keller, 2007).   Brand loyalty has always represented one of the top priorities for a brand. Brand giants such as Coca-Cola and Pepsi for example, frequently bring out brand loyalty promotions such as â€Å"My Coke Rewards† and â€Å"Pepsi Stuff† in order to retain its committed consumers (Dick and Basu, 1994). Conversely, brand elements refers to the different components that make up a brand. These can include both internal and external elements. Internal elements, for example, include brand personality and promise whilst external elements refer to associations, image and positioning of a brand. Building from these two key concepts, it may be argued that brand loyalty can only be achieved if a number of effective brand elements are firmly in place. Some have argued that external elements such as brand positioning are critical in cultivating trust between the consumers and the brand (McCole, 2004). Brand positioning refers to the aspects of the brand used in the specialization of the organization, its target market, the unique value of the company and the benefits a consumer would acquire from buying its products and services.   Brand positioning also expends effort in differentiating a company over competitors. It is therefore possible that it is only once a consumer acquires greater knowledge and clarity of a company’s specialization, unique value and potential benefits, that he/she will be more likely to repurchase the product and therefore ensuring brand loyalty (Aaker, 1995). In a similar vein, the element of brand promise can also be seen to play a major role i n brand loyalty. Brand promise refers to the particular element that consumers expect to be delivered by the company each time the consumer purchases an item and/or service. By this definition, brand promise is a multi-level element as it involves factors such as expectation, interaction of employees to meet these outcomes and delivery (Cowley, 1991). If each of these elements is in place, consumers are much more likely to express loyalty to the brand. An additional argument that supports the claim that brand loyalty is dependent on brand elements can be drawn from examining one of the internal elements; brand personality. Every brand can be said to carry its own unique brand personality. Brand personality personifies the brand in terms of human characteristics and traits (Kapferer, 2008; Aaker, 1995). A brand without personality and warmth, for example, is likely to garner zero loyalty from consumers and will be much more sensitive to prices (Uncles Goodhardt, 2004). A positive and distinctive brand personality on the other hand, is much more likely to elicit favourable outcomes such as increased preference, usage and loyalty (Aaker, 1997). There is a well-established body of literature that highlights that a clear brand personality not only enhances brand preference but improves loyalty (Kressman et al 2006) but also allows consumers to express and project their ideal selves to others (Belk, 1988). The brand becomes an extension of the consumer’s self. Brand personality, can therefore be shown to play a critical role in allowing consumers to connect on a personal level with a brand and hence be more likely to leave a long-lasting positive imprint that leads to repurchase and gradually builds up brand loyalty. However, it may also be argued that brand loyalty can also be build up, independent of brand elements. This argument focuses on the importance of strategy, rather than brand elements. An example to illustrate the importance of strategy can be seen from the changes that have occurred in marketing over the last decade. For example, due to the advances of web 2.0 and social networks, traditional marketing practices of examining consumer trends, conducting focus groups and assessing demographics have been supplemented by social media marketing on social networks, videos and blogs. The number of companies and businesses leveraging the social network platform to connect with consumers via fan pages is increasing every day and global companies such as Coca-Cola, Mercedes-Benz, Starbucks, Disney, New York Times, Red Bull, to name a few, are now prominent fixtures on social networks. Coca-Cola, for example, allowed two of its fans who created the brand’s Facebook fan page to continue t o manage it on Facebook. It is not surprising therefore, that Coca-Cola has now amassed over thirty-four million Likes worldwide. Starbucks has similarly demonstrated the importance of a social media marketing strategy in the creation of â€Å"My Starbucks Idea†, a site that allows consumers to submit suggestions that are reviewed and often implemented. As market research has indicated that more than 80% of individuals who â€Å"Like† a brand or product on Facebook are loyal consumers (DDB Worldwide, 2010), new strategies of social media marketing and innovative fan pages are increasingly becoming important in the success of a brand. Elements such as brand image and personality may have been important ten years ago, but brand loyalty can now be independent. One may also adopt a perspective that unites the opposing arguments and postulates that brand elements are important, but not requirements of brand loyalty. Instead, a number of other factors are important such as in the case of â€Å"Spurious Loyalty† in which customers may repurchase a brand due to situational constraints or out of convenience. Moreover, it has also been suggested that brand loyalty contains a considerable degree of pre-dispositional commitment towards a brand that has nothing to do with the brand elements (Punniyamoorthy and Raj 2007). As there are no specific theories and approaches that address the question of brand loyalty and brand elements, it is difficult to provide a definitive answer. However, over the course of the essay, it has become apparent that brand elements do play a pivotal role in brand loyalty and that consumers are likely to repurchase a brand because they perceive the brand to serve their product needs by offering the right features of the product, price, quality and image as well. However, it has also become clear that brand loyalty is grossly influenced by decisions that take place independent of brand elements. In conclusion, a balance between both arguments would definitely be most effective for addressing the claim. In the future, a greater body of work is necessary to aid researchers, scholars and marketers to come closer to understanding the multi-dimensional nature of brand loyalty. References Aaker, D. 1995. Building Strong Brands, Free Press, New York. Belk, R. W. 1988. Possessions and the extended self. Journal of Consumer Research, 15, pp. 139-168. Cowley, D. 1991. Understanding Brands, Kogan Page, London. DDB Worldwide OpinionWay Survey. Facebook and Brands. October 2010. Dick, A. S. and Basu, K. 1994. Customer Loyalty: Toward an Integrated Conceptual Framework. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 22, pp. 99-113. Jacoby, J. Chestnut, J. 1978. Brand Loyalty: Measurement Management, Wiley, New York. Kapferer, J. 2008. The New Strategic Brand Management, Kogan Page, London. Keller, K. 2007. Strategic Brand Management, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Kressmann, F., Sirgy, M., Herrmann, A., Huber, F., Huber, S., and Lee, D. 2006. Direct and indirect effects of self-image congruence on brand loyalty. Journal of Business Research, 59, 955-964. McCole, P. 2004. Refocusing marketing to reflect practice: The changing role of marketing for business, Marketing Intelligence Planning, Vol. 22 Issue 5, pp.531 539. Punniyamoorthy, M and Prasanna Mohan Raj. 2007. An empirical model for brand loyalty measurement, Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, Volume 15, Number 4, pp. 222-233. Uncles, L Goodhardt, M. (2004), Understanding Brand Performance Measures: Using Dirichlet Benchmarks, Journal of Business Research, Vol.57, Issue12, pp.1307-1325.

Language Intervention Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Language Intervention - Research Paper Example An analysis of past historical literature and texts gives clear answers to the gender differences in language use. Some may tend to argue that relying on previous researches of other researchers may tend to lead to prejudice and preconception hence inaccurate information. Such claims are just unfounded comments of lay people. The subordinate role women play in the society started many years ago. From the history, literacy among women in the nineteenth century was only among the middle class and above. Women were limited to only being able to write and read, and they were denied opportunities to get a higher education. There were those who believed women’s importance of acquiring education in the society and tried to champion for women’s rights. Individuals have different ways of speech which are determined by their age, ethnic group, social class, and gender. Regardless of the gender, man or woman it’s prudent to assert that the person adjusts him or herself so as to ‘blend in’. That is; our speech is influenced by many factors. It is the belief to some that the noted differences in languages have no relation to the sex of the speaker.It is due to the lack of an agreeable analysis method of language use. However, others are entirely convinced of differences that exist between the speech of men and women. A lot of researchers tend to associate women with words revolving around topics of psychological and social processes while men to impersonal topics and object properties. That is.

Market-based or Government Control Issues Surrounding Obama Care Research Paper

Market-based or Government Control Issues Surrounding Obama Care - Research Paper Example It concluded that ObamaCare has its flaws, but it can be improved during its implementation by enhancing consumer access to healthcare information and by helping people make the most optimal choices for their conditions. It also suggested financing from wider sources, so that costs can be decreased in the long run. Market-based or government control? Issues surrounding Obama Care Health care continues to be a primary concern in the United States, because of multiple issues of access to and availability of efficient and quality health care. More than 47 million Americans are uninsured, life expectancy continues to increase because of advances in medical technology, while healthcare costs spiral out of control (Sultz& Young, 2008, p.xvii). Furthermore, Republicans and Democrats cannot agree on the goals and budgeting for the American healthcare system. Their ideological differences also impede the passing of a â€Å"politically moderate† healthcare bill. After a protracted polit ical battle, in March 2010, Congress approved President Barack Obama's Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), a comprehensive state effort that aims to resolve various healthcare issues. PPACA aims to somewhat nationalize the healthcare system and to enhance healthcare resources and options. Critics labeled PPACA as â€Å"ObamaCare† to differentiate it from other alternative solutions to America's diverse healthcare problems (Shi & Singh, 2007, p.ix). This paper seeks to explore the issues surrounding PPACA. It conducted a review of literature, where many authors agreed that PPACA is a flawed response to America’s market-driven healthcare system (Atlas, 2010; Shi & Singh, 2007), while Herzlinger (2004) and Rooney and Perrin (2008) have different ideas of what the American healthcare system should look like. They agreed, however, that a good healthcare bill should promote patient autonomy. A number of authors argued against PPACA, because they assert that i t is a socialist intervention that does not fit the market-run socio-economic model of modern society and it is a costly and unconstitutional infringement on individual choices and corporate. This paper will now explain the drawbacks of ObamaCare, and one of the main complaints is that ObamaCare is fundamentally socialist and does not fit into the market-run socio-economic model of modern society. A socialist model revolves around authoritarianism. Williamson (2010) criticized the socialist leanings of the Obama administration in his book, The Politically Incorrect Guide to Socialism. He (2011) described PPACA as â€Å"socialist,† because it is based on a â€Å"central planning model,† with socialist features of â€Å"income-redistribution, economic leveling, the co-opting and nationalization of private enterprises and the elevation of an elite planning class† (p.237). He did not believe that a socialist model can resolve the underlying issues of high medical an d insurance costs in the nation, and for him, it will only replicate the 1970s British healthcare issues of poor implementation and poor results. In Health Care USA, Sultz and Young (2008) analyzed the complex American healthcare system. They highlighted the characteristics of American healthcare that evade an effective socialization process. First, the healthcare system is too large to be managed by the state alone: â€Å"The U.S. health care system is the world's eight largest economy, second to

Linguistics research training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Linguistics research training - Essay Example The ages between 16 and 18 are a grey area, and here care would have to be taken to ensure that the subject is mature enough to understand what is being proposed. If there is any doubt here, more stringent ethical decisions would have to be taken. Once the age issue is resolved, there are important questions about how public or private a website is intended to be. One way to decide this is to ask the question: â€Å"Are participants in this environment best understood as â€Å"subjects† (in the senses common in human subjects research in medicine and the social sciences) – or as authors whose texts/artifacts are intended as public? (AoIR, 2002, p. 7). In some blogs and homepages the author is offering material for public view, with no password or other restrictions on viewing. In this case informed consent to research the website would have to be obtained from the owner. If there is a community involved, which assumes some kind of small group privacy, then permission f rom the whole group needs to be obtained: â€Å"â€Å"†¦ the greater the acknowledged publicity of the venue, the less obligation there may be to protect individual privacy, confidentiality, right to informed consent, etc.† (AoIR, 2002, p. ... 9) Participants must have the right to withdraw at any point, and to see the results of any research which involves them. Task 2. Situation Two: Radio discourse research You choose to analyse a politician’s discourse as produced during a radio program. What ethical issues need to be resolved (if any)? Radio is a public medium and so there is no need to obtain the politician’s permission to study the discourse that is produced on the radio. Privacy or anonymity is not a concern in this case. The radio company is a business, however, with rights such as copyright over the material it produces, and normally there are restrictions on what can be recorded from the air. Permission would have to be sought from the radio company either to use their recordings (preferable) or to make private recordings. Task 3. Situation Three: library research You choose to do a study on the discourse of SIN during the 2nd World War. What ethical issues need to be resolved (if any)? This is a t ricky ethical issue because it involves contrasting moral definitions which are hard to pin down and analyse. Depending on the method used, the researcher would need to disclose his/her own position either formally or implicitly. One way of doing this is to define the terminology of analysis very carefully, and contrast this with other definitions which are used in various sources. The data found in the library needs to be referenced thoroughly, to ensure that sources are acknowledged, but the researcher needs to reflect very carefully on the way that the topic is approached, the vocabulary used, and any hidden bias or prejudice that might creep in to the use of heavily loaded terms such as â€Å"sin.† Matthews and Ross give good advice on this point, which should be heeded when

Does Foreign Financial Aid Work Economics Essay

Does Foreign Financial Aid Work Economics Essay The current world is categorized into industrialized and developing countries. The chief difference between these countries is the sum of money applied by the governments in their important sectors like health, commerce, and education. A developing nation or a less-developed nation is any country with a significantly lower lever in terms of her material well-being. There is no internationally recognized definition of a developing country. The development levels may vary greatly within the developing nations with some having high average living standards. A developed nation on the other hand is any nation allowing all her citizenry the right of enjoying healthy and free life in a considerably safe environment (Sullivan Sheffrin 471). Aid, or overseas aid, foreign aid, or international aid is a free resources transfer from one nation to the other with the aim of benefiting recipient nation. Giving of aid is a social responsibility of the rich nations and is not just a mere obligation or duty. It entails an element of morality as the rich nations have a moral duty of redressing the diverse economic inequalities, which they have created across the world (Fajardo 184). Majority of the poorer countries are masked in debts due to their unbalanced finances reflected in weak international trade, unstructured system of education, and failed health care. Due to this vicious cycle, the wealthy nations have shown interest in reducing the global economic differences by taking more responsibility towards assisting the unfortunate nations (Sunstein 163). However, this paper wishes to critically examine giving of aid to the poorer nations and take a stand supporting that such aid should not be given. In this, the paper shall examine the fact that foreign financial aid does not work for the poorer nations; the rich nations should not give aid to the poorer ones; and giving aid leads to dependency of the poorer nations. The paper shall also examine the need for refurbishing of the internal issues instead of relying on international aid, whether there are better ways of helping the poorer nations other than giving aid to them, and the reasons why the poorer natio ns should be denied aid from the international community. Today, people and nations across the world are more closely linked. This has seen an increment in trade as well as peoples movement between nations in greater levels than ever. However, millions of individuals still live in much poverty, with the gap between the rich and poor widening in many places. Thus, there are numerous reasons for assisting the poor nations with humanitarian reasons topping the list. Just like the individuals who give towards charity, many nations consider it their social, moral, or religious obligation/duty to assist people in the other nations suffering from drought, famine, diseases, or war. However, a good number of rich nations also make donations for diplomatic or political reasons. This is aimed at maintaining a dependency relationship with the recipient countries governments, or simply to manipulate such government and/or the countries direction. Another factor facilitating giving of aid to the poorer nations is for economic issues. Donors may wish to c ontrol supply of commodities like oil, wheat, or water. Alternatively, such rich nations may wish to ensure readily available markets for their products, whether they are shoes, computers, or planes (Sustein 162-163). However, foreign aid is not automatically the most effective means of helping a nation. One reason for this is that millions of dollars obtained from such aid is often misappropriated or goes missing into the inefficient administration and corrupt governments. Secondly, most foreign-aided projects are inappropriate for the target nation. Numerous agencies construct huge industrial projects or dams, which fail after some few years. Worse still, some of those projects ignore the local people and fail to involve them in the project yet it is meant for them. Furthermore, much of such aid proceeds to the donor in form of expensive experts and specialized equipment from such a donor nation (Birdsall, Rodrik Subramanian 137). Should the Rich Nations Give aid to the Poor Nations? Considering Vietnam and Nicaragua, the two nations are poor with their economies primarily being agriculture-based. The two have suffered due to prevalence of conflict and have also benefited from significant foreign aid. However, only Vietnam has minimized her poverty level dramatically as well as enjoyed a steady economic growth (5% per capita since the year 1988). On the other hand, Nicaragua has floundered in terms of economic performance with her per capita growth being too modest to cause a real dent towards the population of poor people. Until 1994, Vietnam faced an embargo from the US and the nation is still not adopted as a WTO (World Trade Organization) member. Regardless of such obstacles, the nation has found reliable markets for its coffee exports as well as other agricultural products. In addition, the nation has started diversifying her economy into manufacturing sector, especially of textiles. In comparison, Nicaragua benefits from the preferential access of the lucra tive markets of the US and had a huge debt waved off in 1990s. However, her clothing and coffee export industries lag much behind those of Vietnam (Birdsall, Rodrik Subramanian 137). Why does Nicaragua fall some few steps from Vietnam yet they have been exposed to international aid? Answers to such a question are internal: political and economic institutions and history have trumped the other factors in determination of economic success. The access to the American market as well as the donors largesse has not had powerful impacts to overcome the history of Nicaragua in terms of economic and social inequality. In addition, power and land in Nicaragua have been concentrated in hands of some few elites with the government notable in failing to invest substantially in public welfare and infrastructure. Experiences of numerous other developing nations confirm the significance of the specific internal factors. Just like Vietnam, neither India nor China- the two emerging economic powerhouses of the later quarter of the 20th century- has accrued much benefits from international aid and trade preferences. Neither of these two nations has received much international aid compared to the nations in Central America and Africa. Their success is attributed to enactment of creative domestic reforms within their governance systems leading to their notable prosperity as well as plunging of their poverty levels (Hardin 2). Most of the African nations have not managed to match the success of Vietnam despite being more agrarian or no poorer. True, health and education indicators have improved notably in Africa with some countries having achieved higher levels of macroeconomic stability. However, even within the best-performing nations, productivity and growth remain modest with their investment initiatives depending solely on international aid infusions. It could be luring to ascribe some rare African successes such as in Mauritius and Botswana to the high international demand for their garments and diamonds respectively, but limited explanation has been offered so far. Obviously, the two nations could be considerably poorer if they had no access to the international markets. What distinguish these nations is not the external advantages they enjoy, but their ability to exploit these advantages. (Birdsall, Rodrik Subramanian 138) Many developing nations have been hurt by their natural resource endowments . For instance, diamond has hardly conjured images of prosperity and peace in Sierra Leone while oil has been a blessing in disguise for Nigeria, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, and many others. Mexico is a perfect example of how foreign aid can be detrimental in development. The nation has an advantage of bordering the US (a strip of about 2,000 miles), which is the greatest economic power across the world. Since the enforcement of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, the US has given goods from Mexico a duty-free access into its markets, has continued absorbing thousands of Mexicans into its labor-force, and has made large investments into the Mexican economy. In the course of peso crisis of 1994-95, the United States Treasury underwrote the financial stability of Mexico an implication that outside economic assistance gets no better. Since 1992, the economy of Mexico has grown at barely 1% per capita on annual average rate. This figure is far much below the rates exhibited by the growth superstars of Asia. In fact, this is a fraction of the nations own growth rate of 3.6% on annual basis in the 2 decades, which preceded her debt crisis of 1982. Access t o external resources and markets has not given Mexico a platform of making up for her internal problems (Sunstein 163). The membership of the European Union (EU) is a remarkable exception to limitations of international assistance. By offering their poorer southern and eastern neighbors not just market access and aid transfers but also the hope of joining their union, the European Union has stimulated far reaching institutional changes and policy as well as impressive growth rates in around 20 nations. Unfortunately, accession to EU or even to any other such major power is a nightmare for majority of the poorest economies across the world. In addition, increasing the trading opportunities and financial solutions for the poorest nations is an insufficient substitute (Birdsall, Rodrik Subramanian 138). Which is the Best Way of Helping the Poorer Nations? There exist numerous ways of helping the poor nations as opposed to giving them aid. Some of the mechanisms include opening up the existing trade barriers, removing subsidies to facilitate easier and fair competition of the imported products from poorer nations, or forgiving their international debts. In fact, most of the poor nations economic performance is maimed by the huge interest repayments imposed on their old loans. The requirements of the poorer nations may seem obvious but there is need of examining their real needs as well as implementing solutions, which will benefit them as well as the donors. Material and economic help is essential towards the poor nations that are victims of sickness and famine though it is only a short-term solution. The rich nations should assist the poorer ones but it is a rather utopian idea to envisage that their aid will never be affected in diverse ways by political corruptions in the poorer nations. Furthermore, helping them is a paradoxical action since the political and economic system impoverishes these countries. The best solution could be changing the exchange between needy and wealthy nations, as it is not right to continue living in the current system with so many individuals dying due to the inequalities that have been created (Andre Velasquez Para 2-3). There are many kinds of aid ranging from food aid, to humanitarian emergency assistance, military assistance, etc. The developed nations have for long recognized development aid as vital to assist the poor developing countries to grow out of their poverty. The worlds richest nations in 1970 agreed to offer an annual 0.7% of their Gross National Income (GNI) as an official foreign development aid. Since then, regardless of the billions given out each year, the rich countries have hardly met their promised targets (AJWS 7). For instance, the United States is the largest donor but is rated amongst the lowest when it comes to meeting the agreed upon 0.7% target. International financial aid has always come with some costs towards the developing countries. The first one is that such aid is mostly wasted on the conditions since the recipient nations are required to use overpriced commodities and services from the donor nations. The majority of such international aid does not go to the most needful countries, which would need it most. Thirdly, the aid are often dwarfed by the rich nation protectionism, which denies access of international markets to the products of the poor nations, while the rich ones use aid as levers of opening markets of the poor countries for their products. Finally, massive grand strategies or large projects often fail to assist the vulnerable in such nations as money can easily be embezzled away. Presently, the international system of trade has a wide range of inequities. Rich nations place high tariffs on the imports like agriculture and garment products, which are vital to the economic performance of the developing nations. These tariffs escalate with increase in processing level; hence discourage industrialization within the poor nations. Besides, multilateral trades negotiations are short of transparency hence exclude the developing nations from real action. Employing the procedures of WTO in settling trade disputes and other anomalies needs technical expertise and money, which the poor nations lack. However, saying that such flaws are serious deterrents of development in the struggling economies would qualify as overlooking the notable and outstanding success of China and Vietnam over the preceding two decades in exportation of manufactured products, Chiles wine and salmon exportation, and services exportation in India. All these nations have realized success in exportat ion regardless of the impediments. In fact, barriers on the manufactured exports sourced from the developing nations were higher when Asian tigers arrived on the international scene in 1960s and 1970s (Sullivan Sheffrin 145). Why Deny aid to the Poor Nations? Some ethicists claim that wealthy countries are under no obligation to help the poor ones. They claim that their moral duty is acting in manners, which will maximize happiness of the people as well as minimize their suffering. Aiding the poor countries, in the long term, will produce more suffering compared to the one it will alleviate. Countries with the highest poverty incidence have the highest rates of birth also. One-report estimates 90% of the total population growth of the world by 2025 will happen in the developing nations. Provision of aid to such nations will only facilitate survival and reproduction of more of these people, placing greater demands upon the limited food supply of the world. And as these countries populations swell, more individuals will be forced into the environmentally fragile and marginal lands, resulting into widespread degradation of land, which will further reduce the available land for food production. Increase in the demand of the limited supply of food combined with a reduction in food production will certainly threaten the future generations survival (Andre Velasquez Para 4). Other ethicists argue that little benefit, even within the short-run, is accrued from offering aid to the poor countries. The aid offered to the developing nations hardly reaches the individuals intended to benefit. On the contrary, it is utilized by the oppressive governments in subsidization of their military or on projects, which benefit the local elites only, or even end up on black market. Over 80 percent of the 596 million-food aid offered to Somalia was channeled towards the military as well as other public institutions within 1978 and 1984. Worse still, El Salvador channeled 80 percent of the US dry-milk-aid into the black market (World Bank 17). These illustrations imply that giving aid to the poor nations undermines any form of incentive on these nations part in their efforts of becoming self-sufficient via the programs, which would be of great benefit to their citizenry. Such programs include the ones that would help in controlling population growth or increasing productio n of food. Food aid, for instance, depresses the local prices of food; hence discourage local production of food as well as agricultural development. The poor dairy farmers from El Salvador found themselves facing stiff competition against the US-free milk. Consequently, many nations, such as Sudan, Zaire, and Haiti have become dependent on international aid. There are also some other ethicists who maintain that principle of justice dictates against giving aid to the poor countries as justice needs a fair distribution of both the benefits and burdens among peoples. Countries that have laid out effective plans for the requirement of their citizens through regulation of food production in order to foster an adequate supply of food for the present and a surplus in case of emergencies, as well as the countries, which have implemented programs for limiting population growth ought to enjoy their foresight benefits. Majority of the poor countries have irresponsibly failed adoption of policies, which would stimulate production and development of food. On the contrary, their resources are spent irresponsibly on military regimes or lavish projects. Consider the air-conditioned cathedral worth $200 million, constructed just recently in the impoverished Cote DIvoire nation. Worth consideration is also the 1986 fact that the developing nations spent a bout 6 times, of what they received as foreign aid to strengthen their armed forces (WCED 12). These nations failed the test of acting responsibly and should thus bear their consequences. Therefore, it is unjust for such nations to ask the others that acted responsibly to assume their burdens. All people are entitled to a basic right of freedom that includes the right of using all the resources acquired legitimately as they desire. The UN has somehow coerced the wealthy countries to offer financial and other humanitarian aid to the poor countries, which is a violation of their right of using their resources freely. Thus, aiding the poor nations is not obligatory but is praiseworthy. Summary International or foreign aid is essential towards the social, economic, and political issues facing the poorer nations. In fact, such aid has been significant in the humanitarian crisis faced by numerous nations, including the rich ones such as Japan, and this paper does not refute that fact. Moreover, a good number of rich nations also make donations for diplomatic or political reasons in the poorer nations. Most of the African nations seek international aid to sponsor their elections or referendums as was the case in Kenya in 2010 during the nations urge for a new constitution. However, the paper has shown that there are so many funds that are channeled into inappropriate programs and projects especially the ones favoring the governments receiving them. In addition, the donors (the rich nations) attach strings to their aid and the poorer nations benefitting from their aid must agree with their conditions. The paper has also shown that international aid is not essentially the only means of developing the poorer nations. Increasing market access and aid for the poor nations makes sense but do not have that much effect in terms of such nations development and economic performance. The wealthy countries should push some other measures, which could be more rewarding. Such measures could include giving the poor nations more control towards their economic policy, opening labor markets, as well as financing new technologies that are development-friendly. It is also clear that the rich countries should avoid giving aid to the poorer nations and give them space for their individual economic development. An illustration is the state of Vietnam, which has flourished without market preferences from the leading economic centers or much international aid. One essential means of developing the poorest nations across the world is giving their producers an effective access to the international markets, especially in America and Europe. Foreign development assistance or aid is viewed as being wasted on some corrupt recipient governments, or too much despite the good intentions from the donor nations. In reality, both quality and quantity of such aid have been quite poor and the donor countries have rarely been held accountable. Assumptions by the developed nations that the poor and/or the developing nations can only be developed via aid ignore some key lessons learnt over the past couple of years as well as the ones of economic history. Develop ment can only be determined to a large extent by the poor nations themselves while outsiders can only play a limited role. The developing nations have emphasized this stand but the rich ones often overlook it. Thus, it is true that financial aid as well as the further expansion of the wealthy nations markets are tools possessing only a small ability of triggering growth in such poor nations. This paper concludes that the poorer nations should not be given foreign aid as a means of developing their economies. The nations should rather look into their internal political and economic institutions to foster their governance, which could in the long-run boost their economic performance, development, and independence.

The Way We Really Are Essay -- Essays Papers

The Way We Really Are The author of this article portrays how the standard of the â€Å"traditional family† has changed over the past century. The article emphasizes on how marriages are becoming extinct and families are breaking away from the old fashioned way of raising children. For example, having both a father and a mother in the home full-time use to be the definition of â€Å" the traditional family†. The author seems to believe that the majority of society today is becoming accustomed to single parent homes and women being the major breadwinners in the home, thus making this the new â€Å"traditional family† lifestyle. As I was reading the statistics in this article I was very critical in believing the data that was given by the author. There were statistics given about the increase in unwed motherhood, divorce rates falling and rising, how much divorce has increased since the 1950’s and how many people are staying unwed in the later 1900’s. The author gave no indication of where or how she gathered her statistics. I do believe that the divorce rate in America is at an all time high for the start of the new millennium. I believe that Americans are forced to re-evaluate their opinion on what the traditional family is made up of. Children are forced to live with one parent, not having the traditional dream of both a mother and a Father, which is the image of what a real family is portrayed to be in the generation I was brought up with. The traditional ...

Essay on Macbeth comparing to current events Essay

On March 16, 1988, Saddam Hussein launched an attack on people in his own country. 5,000 Kurds were dead, and 7,000 were either injured or had long-term illnesses. The attack was in Iraq’s city of Halabja and President Hussein only attacked because the Kurds did not support him, and he was retaliating. This ruthless destruction of innocent people proves that still in the world today there are people who are greedy, have ruthless ambition, and do not care how many lives they destroy, only if they can end up on top. In the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the main character was described as a greedy, heartless, and ambitious individual who was swayed into evil and let his ambition take control of his life. Even thought that Macbeth was written over 400 years ago, people today such as Martha Stewart, Jeff Skilling, and Saddam Hussein compare with the character Macbeth in many ways. â€Å"I have given suck, and know tender ’tis to love the babe that milks me; I would, while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from its boneless gums and dashed the brains out, had I so sworn as you have done to this.† (1.7.55-60) This quote from Macbeth shows how ruthless the character Lady Macbeth was and how she could murder her child if she swore she would. This compares with the brutality of Saddam Hussein and his attacks on his own Kurdish people. Only because the Kurds did not agree nor support Saddam and his regime, he said he would take measures to destroy them and he did. He launched chemical and biological weapons in the city of Halabja and the city along with its people are still trying to recover from this massacre. In Shakespeare’s play, the character Macbeth killed King Duncan and Fleance because those were the two people in Macbeth’s way, and prevented him from becoming King of Scotland. In Iraq, Saddam Hussein killed all of the people who opposed him and made himself the only person running for president because he scared everyone else. If someone else was thinking of running, or tried to, Saddam made him suddenly â€Å"disappear† and won the next election. This verifies that Macbeth relates to the current world; by having people still stop at nothing, destroying everything in their path, to achieve their goals. â€Å"Look like th’ innocent flower, but be the serpent under ‘t.† (1.5.65-66) This quotation is when Lady Macbeth is telling Macbeth to pretend to be a  nice and heartwarming host, but underneath he is a nasty beast. This compares with Martha Stewart in the present day. She appears to be a nice and perfect role model for all people, but underneath is a villainous serpent. For example, Martha Stewart bought almost all of the flowers from one small business owner, and promised to pay him back. Weeks passed along with the months. Eventually the business had to declare bankruptcy because Stewart never wrote down that she was going to pay the owner back, and ran out of money. This establishes that Martha Stewart is a horrible person who cares for no one but herself. In Macbeth, this relates because Macbeth killed his best friend Banquo because he knew too much information, and Macbeth thought he was a threat, and had him killed. Even though that Banquo was a friend to Macbeth his entire life, Macbeth thought that he was a little pest and just had him killed in the blink of an eye. This validates that Macbeth relates to the current world, by having greedy people who think only about themselves rise up in the world and surpass their goals, but leaving all their friends and everyone they loved behind in a bloody trail of death. â€Å"The castle of Macduff I will surprise, seize upon Fife, give to th’ edge o’ the sword his wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls that trace him in his line.† (4.2.150-153) This quote is right before his henchmen go to kill Macduff’s innocent child and wife. Macduff was the person Macbeth wanted to kill. Macbeth had nothing against Macduff’s wife and child, and Macbeth only wanted to kill them to make Macduff angry. Jeff Skilling, the CEO of ENRON is also guilty of destroying the lives of people under him. He was charged with insider trading, wire fraud, securities fraud, conspiracy, and making false statements. As compared the Macbeth, Skilling took the pensions away from hard-workers who were looking forward to big pensions after they retired. Many people lost their jobs and lots of money when Skilling was CEO of ENRON. Skilling could stop at nothing, even though he had millions of dollars, his ambition could never be satisfied. Both Macb eth and Jeff Skilling are the same in respect to they both do not care about people, and their ambitions are never satisfied. Overall, Martha Stewart, Jeff Skilling, and Saddam Hussein all relate to the  plat Macbeth because they all were ruthless individuals. Greed, hatred, and driving ambition were all contributing factors that Macbeth shared with the three people. The thirst for having unlimited power and stopping at nothing to achieve that goal was a trait for both Macbeth and Saddam Hussein. The greed and complete disregard to others equally compares Macbeth with Martha Stewart. The driving and unrelenting ambition was a quality that both Macbeth and Jeff Skilling shared. Many people believe that William Shakespeare’s Macbeth is one of the greatest books of all times. This is because no matter what time period, the ideas represented in this play are still common traits in the current world.

Ho Chi Minh essay essays

Ho Chi Minh essay essays Vietnamese statesman, Communist leader, and Confucian humanist, who led the country's struggle for independence in the 1940s and was a major figure in the war between North and South Vietnam in the 1960s. Ho Chi Minh devoted his life to the nationalism, which to promote the Vietnamese independence. Ho emphasized the revolutionary potential of the peasantry, and used communism as a device to bring the independence in Vietnam. In the sixteenth century, Europeans began visiting Vietnam. It was during the sixteenth century when Vietnam fell apart. In the late 1700s, In 1858 the French were seeking to expand their colonial empire, which the movement called French imperialism. When a prince of the defeated Nguyen clan, Nguyen Anh, turned to the French for support after the three Tay Son brothers from a wealthy merchant family brought the end to the Nguyen rulers, had set the scene for French intervention. Vietnam was divided into administrative regions- Tonkin, Annam and Cochinchina. For the next 60 years these three countries were known as French Indochina. The French conquest of Cochinchina was carried out by force but with considerable resistance from guerilla fighters. By 1868 France was undisputed master of Cochinchina. France viewed Vietnam as a land to be exploited. Under French control economic developments did occur. French rule meant supplying the mother country with products such as rice and rubber, There were some economic advances under French rule. At first Vietnam ran at a loss for the French. But early the 20th century Govenor General Doumer turned the colony into a profitable venture, he funneled taxes and customs duties through his treasury and brought the finances of all French business under central control. He also set up government monopolies for salt, alcohol and opium. Monopolies have no competition so they can charge whatever pries the market can stand, which made big money. However there were disastrous social...

Health Service Users In Higher Education Social Work Essay Example

Health Service Users In Higher Education Social Work Essay Example Health Service Users In Higher Education Social Work Essay Health Service Users In Higher Education Social Work Essay Following legion policy directives from the Department of Health, the inclusion of service users in the preparation of wellness professionals has become compulsory. Service user groups are peculiarly active in mental wellness preparation and there are several enterprises that have been implemented within the UK to ease their engagement in higher instruction bringing. This paper undertakes a critical reappraisal of the placement of mental wellness service users in developing programmes within a diverse scope of subjects, and categorises them into three countries: understanding the new linguistic communication, barriers and benefits, and the positions and readying of service users for functions within higher instruction. While there are promoting developments within this country, there is besides a demand to develop consistence in readying and development of these enterprises to counter the barriers that may authors rise. Keywords: Higher Education, Mental Health, Service Users, Carers, Training Introduction In 1999 the National Service model for Mental Health ( Department of Health, 1999 ) established that service users ( SU ) and carers must go involved in all facets of the preparation for wellness attention professionals. Since so, farther paperss such as the Health and Social Care Act ( 2001 ) ; Commissioning a Service User Led NHS ( Department of Health, ) and the White Paper Our Health, Our Care, Our Say ( Department of Health, 2005b ) , every bit good as enterprises lead by The Health Care Commission ( 2005 ) have contributed to locate service users engagement in higher instruction ( HE ) as a precedence on the docket of mental wellness policies. Such enterprises straight challenge traditional theoretical accounts of attention where professionals were seen as the experts in mental wellness jobs while service users were a passive receiver of attention ( Foucault, 1980 ) . Mental wellness is today conceptualised as a continuum, on which all mental wellness provinces are featured. To ease the execution of authorities policies workforce alliances and educational establishments have developed farther guidelines for the engagement of service users and carers in higher instruction. For illustration, the National Institute for Mental Health ( NIMHE ) adapted degrees of engagement developed by several writers ( Forrest, Risk, Masters, A ; Brown, 2000 ; Goss A ; Miller, 1995 ) to assist Workforce Development Confederations to scrutinize user and carer engagement in higher instruction. Additionally, Tew, Gell and Foster ( 2004 ) developed an appraisal model to be used for higher instruction establishments. The ladder of engagement considers that mental wellness service users could take part at different degrees runing from degree one ( no engagement ) to level five ( engagement in complete partnership ) . Professional and regulative organic structures have shown conformity with policies taking to new criterions of attention. For illustration, the Royal College of Psychiatrists made mandatary for trainees in psychopathology to have preparation from SUs ( Fadden, Shooter, A ; Holsgrove, 2005 ) ; the Chief Nursing Officer s Review of Mental Health Nursing ( Department of Health, 2006 ) established new nucleus competencies that have to be achieved through incorporating SUs within the nursing educational procedure and service users, and carers form portion of the revised standards for the Accreditation of Postgraduate Training Programs in Clinical Psychology ( BPS 2008 ) . Since the launch of all those policies, a overplus of illustrations and articles has emerged demoing how service users and carers have contributed to mental wellness and societal attention instruction at a scope of degrees and through the UK geographics. For illustration, in nursing ( Frisby, 2001 ; Langdon, Barnes, Haslehurst, Rimmer, A ; Turton, 2003 ) ; societal work ( Branfield, 2009 ; Levin, 2004 ) ; clinical psychological science ( Cooke A ; Hayward, 2010 ; Harper, Goodbody, A ; Steen, 2005 ) and medical preparation ( Fadden et al. , 2005 ; Wykurz A ; Kelly, 2002 ) . Such grounds surely highlights the development of user-involvement in HE, and illustrations of good pattern have been disseminated. However there is small effort to synthesize this literature peculiarly with mention to HE bringing. Taking all the above into history, a critical reappraisal of the literature was felt necessary at this phase. The chief purpose was to place emergent subjects and concerns shared by writers when using constabularies of users involvement in higher instruction into pattern and to place countries of farther work in pattern and research. The literature reappraisal: hunt scheme The hunt standards were refined to literature published since 1999 in line with the National Service Framework for mental wellness. Several on-line databases were searched: AMED, BNI, CINAHL, EMBASE, Health Business Elite, MEDLINE, PsychArticles, PsycInfo, ScienceDirect, and Web of Knowledge. Using a synonym finder and free text hunts, hunt footings were expanded to include mental wellness, service user, engagement, engagement, higher instruction, college, university, instruction, and pupil. In entire, over two 100 articles were retrieved and their mention lists hand- searched through to place farther relevant literature that may non hold appeared in the original database hunt. To spread out the hunt, writers of the most relevant articles were contacted, as were conference talkers and website decision makers in an attempt to supply inside informations of any current research they may be involved in. To set up relevance and to bring forth a literature reappraisal that was both extended but besides specific to our subject of involvement, we needed to specify the exact parametric quantities that we were seeking for. This led us to set up some exclusion standards. One such exclusion was articles that addressed mental wellness service users engagement in research undertakings. Many articles documented how service users were being recruited as participants in university research undertakings. However, these illustrations of SU engagement were non direct instruction and were non specifically aligned to education bringing. Our focal point was on how HE establishments involved service users in categories, talks, and as established members of staff in their instruction programmes. We besides chose to exclude any mention to service users being involved in instruction unless it was specifically higher instruction. Much of the stuff addressed how service users could take part in the prepara tion of health care professionals, but within independently organised workshops. We felt that that utilizing these exclusion standards would non merely supply a streamlined hunt scheme relevant to our research subject, but would besides let us to detect how establishments were following with the aforesaid authorities statute law to include service users in the bringing of higher instruction. Searching the literature in this manner was conducted on the footing of seeking to reply several inquiries. The first indispensable question lies in finding the current state of affairs of engagement of mental wellness SUs in HE. A demand besides exists to set up the chief issues that emerge with seeking to use current policies on mental wellness SUs and developing wellness professionals. Finally the cardinal question demands what we can larn from the grounds and what future developments are possible. Consequences: general observations Maping the literature resulted in a principal of surveies that spanned several subjects. From the articles that met our inclusion criteria the following capable countries from which they emerged were identified: Nursing = 53 articles Social Work = 26 Inter-professional = 22 Medical = 16 Psychiatry = 7A Psychology = 2 In measuring the attack of these surveies, we identified the undermentioned dislocation: Involvement suggestions = 17 ( e.g. appraisal ) Involvement ratings = 22 Case study = 40 Contemplations = 15 ( e.g. interviews, SU experiences ) Literature reappraisal = 8 Quantitative study = 5 Other = 19 ( e.g. Conference proceedings, web site, workshop ) Three systematic reappraisals were identified. Repper A ; Breeze ( Repper A ; Breeze, 2004 ) reviewed the literature on user and carer engagement in the preparation and instruction of mental wellness attention workers. They found that the bulk of documents selected for their reappraisal provided descriptions of consumer engagement undertakings with accent on the procedure of affecting users and callings instead than looking at the consequence that this engagement produced in pupils. Merely seven documents reported the result of consumer engagement in training/education and none examined the consequence of such instruction on pattern. Traveling more specifically in to mental wellness pattern for nursing pupils, Gray et Al. ( 2010 ) found that several writers ( e.g. Branfield, 2009 ; Speers, 2008 ) recommended the development of protocols to supply construction when affecting users in these activities. Wykurtz and Kelly ( 2002 ) completed a systematic reappraisal of publications from 1970 to 2001 discoursing the function of patients as active instructors in medical instruction. They identified 23 articles being merely one of these articles related to mental wellness, and the lone one co-authored by a health professional or patient ( Butterworth A ; Livingston, 1999 ) . They contributed to the grounds of positive benefits in users engagement in HE. Such reappraisals provide a utile penetration into bing work. Upon farther examination, we besides identified emergent subjects that the retrieved articles demonstrated. These will each be discussed and are: Understanding the new linguistic communication: issues originating from the usage of the new vocabulary, definition of specific footings, such as users and carers Barriers and Benefits: researching the single and institutional concerns built-in in the constitution and care of SU engagement. Service users readying and positions of engagement in HE bringing: turn toing the nature of preparation and designation of larning demands for SUs and carers. Understanding the new linguistic communication The inter-changeability and fluctuation of the nomenclature used in the articles was a most outstanding observation. In footings of specifying higher instruction, the information retrieved covered a scope of wellness professionals and subjects: medicine/psychiatry, nursing, occupational therapy, societal work, psychological science, graduate mental wellness workers, other professionals/programs ( e.g. certification in mental wellness work ) . Equally varied was the terminology applied to SUs and carers. Mental wellness SUs and carers are both different by definition and demands. However sometimes these footings appear in the literature as one sole entity and used inclusively. Traditionally, wellness professionals have given different names to the population they attend following the assorted theoretical theoretical accounts used as model. Doctors and nurses refer to the people they see for appraisal and intervention as patients while professionals from societal work A ; psychology specify them as clients and the footings users and/or, consumers are normally used from a managerial position. The term service user was adapted from societal policy by societal work in the early 1990s and it has become widely used across the UK by wellness and societal attention professions ( Anghel A ; Ramon, 2009 ) . Peoples widely accept these differences in vocabulary ( McGuire-Snieckus, McCabe, A ; Priebe, 2003 ) and suit to them. Service user administrations are besides lending to the field giving their ain definitions. They advocated that a service user should ever be self-identifying and seen as a individual foremost ( Determining our Lifes, 2003 ) and they have suggested to utilize the term citizen stakeholders ( Advocacy in Action, 2006 ) or to use footings such as resistant and survivors ( Distress Awareness Training Agency Website, 2010 ) All these incompatibilities sing the more appropriate nomenclature to be used were reflected in the literature and had been highlighted by writers ( Gray et al. , 2010 ; Rees, Knight, A ; Wilkinson, 2007 ; Simpson, Barkham, Gilbody, A ; House, 2003 ) . Some of them have adopted the definition proposed by Cooper A ; Spencer-Dawe ( 2006 ) in that that a service user is a individual who is ( or has been ) having any type of wellness or societal attention service. This definition has been seen a impersonal one ( Simpson et al. 2003 ) . Others ( Anghel A ; Ramon, 2009 ; Middleton, Stanton, A ; Renouf, 2004 ) proposed footings such as consultant , consumer adviser and/ or mental wellness consumer adviser to designate mental wellness service users as this would be more in harmony with the function they presently play. Others disagreed with this new nomenclature ( Moss, Boath, Buckley, A ; Colgan, 2009 ) as they have found in their surveies that participants would prefer the term s ervice user while others found that this may be inappropriate and considered violative ( Humphreys, 2005 ; Tyler, 2006 ) . Furthermore, understanding the new linguistic communication applies in the other way, this being service users going accustomed to the linguistic communication within academe. Many writers assert that the nature of academic argument and attach toing slang can efficaciously except service users and carers, and hence consequence in them experiencing intimidated and frustrated ( Basset, Campbell, A ; Anderson, 2006 ; Essen et al. , 2009 ; Scots Voices, 2008 ; Tew et al. , 2004 ) . Such sentiments lead suitably to the wider consideration of barriers to serve user integrating in higher instruction. Barriers and benefits Many articles approached the barriers to and benefits of SU engagement in both single and institutional contexts. On institutional degrees, several writers raised the high spot that the hierarchal civilization and constructions present within the HE establishments do non ease effectual coaction between faculty members and SUs. More specifically there was an inexplicit political orientation held that HE itself was a beginning of subjugation and exclusion that maintains bing inequalities in power dealingss and hierarchies ( Boxall, Carson, A ; Docherty, 2004 ; Hanley, 2005 ) . Other articles asserted that some faculty members used their cognition and expertness to project a sense of high quality over service users and carers and hence devaluate their engagement and sentiments ( Basset et al. , 2006 ; Branfield, Beresford, A ; Levin, 2007 ; Dogra, Anderson, Edwards, A ; Cavendish, 2008 ; Forbat, 2006 ; Tait A ; Lester, 2005 ) . Rees et Al. ( 2007 ) province that frequently service users and carers are non seen as holding a legitimate portion to play in instruction and preparation. In peculiar with regard to appraisal, the Social Care Institute for Excellence ( 2009 ) make the point that some faculty members believe that the appraisal of pupils is the exclusive state of them and disregard any added value that could be gained from the engagement of service users or carers. Such positions convey a damning indictment upon the purposes to make meaningful engagement, and are so barriers of an abstract and cloudy nature. However, on a more single degree, there are some practical and logistical concerns that besides serve to impede instead than advance engagement. Concerns such as payment of disbursals and concerns held by SUs that this may impact benefits, ( Basset et al. , 2006 ; Branfield et al. , 2007 ; Brown A ; Young, 2008 ) . Entree to installations, and a perceived tokenistic usage of SUs besides contrib ute to the structural and hierarchal hindrances outlined earlier. Felton and Stickley ( 2004 ) interviewed five mental wellness lectors to determine their positions of affecting service users in learning the undergraduate mental wellness nursing programme. Whilst four out of the five lectors by and large considered user engagement to be a good thing their subsequent parts suggested ambiguities. Although demoing consciousness of possible disadvantages of user engagement in higher instruction, respondents were non ever clear about the advantages. Furthermore, lectors did non desire the service users to go professionalised ; they wanted their function as patients maintained as this was perceived as more utile for engagement in the programme. Another sensed disadvantage for the users going professionalised was an eroding of their ain functions into that of glorified markers . In add-on to practical concerns that can straight impact persons, such issues arise in organizational factors. Other barriers raised in the literature concern the deficiency of substructure within SU administrations to get by with demand. The literature asserts that the engagement of service users and carers in the educational procedure equates to clip and resource ingestion when these trade goods are already committed ( Basset et al. , 2006 ; Edwards, 2003 ) . While HE administrations may non keep such disadvantages, it is argued that an built-in bias towards service users still abounds every bit, such as being disablement, undependability, being unpredictable or even unsafe ( Felton A ; Stickley 2004 ; Basset et Al. 2006 ; Branfield et Al. 2007 ; ( Haffling A ; Hakansson, 2008 ) ( Happell A ; Roper, 2009 ) ) . In malice of the aforesaid barriers identified in the literature, some articles besides featured the benefits of SU engagement in HE bringing. For pupils of classs in which Sessionss were delivered by SUs, the chance to reflect upon thought arousing feedback from SUs increased their assurance, motive and encouragement to farther heighten their pattern ( Bideau, Guerne, Bianchi, A ; Huber, 2006 ; Duxbury A ; Ramsdale, 2007 ) . Indeed, the wider issue of larning through brooding feedback is strongly supported whether the feedback was positive or negative. Evidence showed that positive and constructive feedback from service users and carers welcomed it and believed it was an of import portion of pupils acquisition procedures, while less than positive feedback sparked de-motivation ( Bailey, 2005 ) . Bailey besides reported that all service users found themselves sympathizing with the individual who was the focal point of the pupils appraisal and commented that they had felt empowere d and as a consequence of working with other service users had made new societal contacts. Other surveies reported that both pupils and user/carer participants found the experience positive. The pupils felt that listening to the user and carer position had facilitated a greater apprehension. The pupils felt privileged to hear the carer s narrative, happening the experience traveling, enlightening and informative ( Turner et al. , 2000 ) . Wood and Wilson-Barnett ( 1999 ) evaluated the consequence of user engagement on pupil larning utilizing a comparing research design. The findings showed pronounced differences between pupils who were and were non exposed to users. Students who had earlier exposure to user engagement showed more empathy and used less professional slang and a more individualized attack. They conclude that affecting service users earlier instead than subsequently in a programme may be more effectual in footings of act uponing larning If having negative feedback, pupils unsurprisingly became doubting about the whole procedure which impinged on their perceptual experience of the value of affecting service users and carers in their appraisal ( Rees et al. , 2007 ; Speers, 2008 ; Stickley et al. , 2010 ) besides made the observation that some of the pupils in their survey believed that the feedback from SUs was excessively glowing and lacked constructive unfavorable judgment. In seeking farther positions of SUs, many surveies shared the determination that they valued most extremely the humanistic accomplishments of pupils and led to increased power sharing , but this was limited within the university environment. These surveies besides highlighted that maintaining the impulse traveling for user engagement in professional instruction requires changeless high degrees of energy and committedness ( Masters et al. , 2002 ) which can be translated as added value ( Barnes, Carpenter, A ; Bailey, 2000 ) . Barnes et al. us ed a instance survey methodological analysis to measure a post-graduate programme of inter-professional instruction in community mental wellness. This paper besides described the development of a questionnaire to measure added value for SUs which could be attributed to the programme. The results that SUs prioritised were: pupils showing apprehension, and non merely seeking to work out jobs or push people into services ; handling service users with regard, non as labels ; professionals developing their capacity to be human ; pupils holding cognition about services, including protagonism services and service user groups ; and being able to supply information about how to affect service users in measuring their demands. Overall, this survey found that, whilst users parts were valued, they were non given the same acceptance by the programme participants as parts from senior faculty members from the field of psychopathology and psychological science. Masters et Al. ( 2002 ) focused on the rating of a scheme papers and its execution, from the position of all the stakeholders. Data was collected by two questionnaires, compiled for the intent. The service users found benefits in the acquisition of new accomplishments, increased assurance and a echt feeling of authorization. The issue of group rank besides straddles barriers and benefits of SU engagement in HE bringing. While there are clear benefits to pupils in footings of larning experience and great chances for common regard and partnerships between the HE and SU communities, there are besides troubles associated with keeping the positive differentiations between these groups to achieve meaningful engagement and pedagogical equilibrium. Indeed, several commentaries make the point that as service users and carers become used to the educational environment and learn to get by with the civilization so they are no longer genuinely representative of the service carer group ( Ahuja A ; Williams, 2005 ; Felton A ; Stickley, 2004 ; McGarry A ; Thom, 2004 ; Tait A ; Lester, 2005 ) . Such issues are per se held within the readying and preparation that SUs receive and besides deliver, which leads to the tierce of our subjects. Service users: readying and positions Few documents specified whether, or how, user or carer participants had been prepared for their educational function, nor how support was organised despite this being identified as of import by lectors ( Masters A ; Forrest, 2010 ; Turner et al. , 2000 ) and service users ( Curran, 1997 ) . Preparation tended to be informal such as a short telephone call ( Turner et al. , 2000 ) or a briefing before a instruction session to explicate the function of the participant ( Costello A ; Horne, 2001 ) . However, this limited or deficiency of information can ensue in user and carer participants experiencing unsure about their engagement, non understanding the intent, and experiencing that they lack expertness ( Spencer et al. , 2000 ) ; Turner et Al 2000 ; Masters et 2002 ) . Hanson and Mitchell ( 2001 ) follow a structured attack and maintain the focal point on the readying of mental wellness service users for engagement in instruction with the purpose to learn in the pre-registration of a mental wellness nursing class. A standard for engagement was users motive. The readying for mental wellness users, nevertheless, was more concerned with the techniques for the learning itself and a instruction and measuring faculty for nurses. One manner to guarantee, or at least assist equal readying is the formation of mention groups for the specific intent of SU engagement in higher instruction, for illustration by agencies of patient consultative groups through targeted audience ( Greenfield et al. , 2001 ) . Two documents discuss the procedure of organizing mention groups from bing consumer groups. Ingham ( 2001 ) describes the puting up of a mention group for the specific intent of supplying the user position to inform a new pre-registration class. Recruitment for the group was coordinated through the local wellness authorization and members were drawn from a broad spectrum of patient and voluntary service groups the mention group addressed the procedure of engagement, but in this instance, it identified land regulations for patient engagement with deductions for both the involved consumer and the educational administration. Sawley ( 2002 ) describes a series of meetings set up with consumers to specifically inform t he course of study content of kids s nursing classs. Recruitment for the group was made via a assortment of paths: a list of charities provided by the local community wellness council ; notices put up on kids s wards ; personal invitations sent to parents who nurses idea might be interested ; and by assorted media mercantile establishments. This enterprise did non merely act upon educational classs, but led to pattern development within Trusts and more effectual networking. The development of such groups to fix SUs for a function in HE bringing is surely a measure in the right way, but however can still fall quarry to the one-way street of faculty members urging and organizing these groups and puting their ain dockets. While this may sometimes be a starting point, a demand besides exists to guarantee that a bipartisan way leting SUs to put dockets excessively. This lies non merely in lending to content and bringing of instruction, but besides keeping facilitation of SUs and carers placing their ain acquisition demands and preparation development, as per recommendations by Advocacy in Action ( 2006b ) . Surveies identified from our hunts displayed grounds of such designation taking topographic point in footings of class results for wellness professionals. Two surveies reported consumers positions about what healthcare workers should be taught. All focused on service users positions about the preparation demands of mental wellness nurses ( Forrest et al. , 2000 ; Rudman, 1996 ) and the common determination was service users accent upon the humanistic qualities of lovingness and regard, and the importance of interpersonal accomplishments. Rudman ( 1996 ) collected informations from two mental wellness user groups ( 20 service users in entire ) by agencies of semi-structured group interviews. The users felt the indispensable qualities of mental wellness nursing to be: lovingness: maintaining caring despite socialization ; accessibility, immediateness and presence ; professional demeanor. Forrest et Al ( 2000 ) besides aimed to arouse user positions about the cognition, accomplishmen ts and attributes they considered that mental wellness nurses should possess but in add-on their survey explored schemes for user engagement in the on-going course of study design and bringing. Once once more, the SUs valued human qualities above professional accomplishments. A good nurse was described as person with common sense , heat and sensitiveness, as being nice and person who can be a friend. Many users in the survey felt that bing nursing classs are counterproductive with regard to the qualities they value due to the accent upon the professional qualities and the medical theoretical account. Decisions It is clear that SU engagement in HE bringing has generated many benefits for SUs, carers, pupils and faculty members likewise. Equally reviewing are the increased Numberss of surveies that seem to hold moved on from merely sing the benefits of SU engagement and are at the following degree of sing its impact, on many different degrees. There are besides, nevertheless, incompatibilities. These arise from rudimentss of nomenclature, through to the very execution of enterprises countrywide, which are at best described as patchy and unevenaˆY ( Branfield, 2009 ; Speers, 2008 ) . One of the issues that is non ever evident in the literature and hence hard to thematise is extent of engagement of service users within different countries. Recommendations of pattern such as ladders of engagement ( Gutteridge A ; Dobbins, 2009 ; Tew et al. , 2004 ) are proposed, and some bear direct relevancy to HE bringing in footings of factoring learning activities, payment for talk rates and being involved in course of study determinations ( Forrest et al. , 2000 ) . These definitions of engagement are utile to define the extent to which SUs carers might be included, but this information could farther be augmented by the development of a clear cosmopolitan model for all parties. This is particularly relevant as the barriers identified in the literature continue to tilt towards residuary concerns of wage, tokenism, representation, enlisting and power instabilities, in add-on to the possibilities of the genuineness of a SU group being diminished as members become farther ens conced in HE procedures. Many policies have been introduced to regulate the way of a more service user/patient-led wellness service. However, in malice of the increased figure of those theoretical accounts of good pattern, the engagement of users and carers in higher instruction of wellness professionals still suggests a more ad hoc and local activity than one that follows national planning. It gives the feeling of organic structures being embarked in a helter-skelter endurance contest with the purpose to turn out conformity with authorities recommendations, flagging their undertaking as the most valued 1s, alternatively of following a brooding and organized mode of interpreting those policies into pattern. Furthermore, the Numberss of those illustrations are still a few in comparing with the extended figure of policies developed to that terminal. Service users engagement is non merely the modern focal point of the NHS it is a societal motion that deserves particular contemplation and considerations ( Crossl ey, 2002 ) . Repper and Breeze ( 2004 ) observed that accent was placed on interpersonal accomplishments of nurses with the deduction that other wellness fortes were conspicuous by their absence. It besides is still evident that a larger figure of surveies so far has emerged for the nursing literature in footings of SU inclusion within mental wellness nursing programmes. Other subjects need to increase their capacity to affect SUs. There is small uncertainty that research needs to go on into this country, with peculiar accent in SU and carers positions once they have established length of service of their associations with HE establishments.

A Significant Work Experience Related to Provision of Health Services Essay

A Significant Work Experience Related to Provision of Health Services - Essay Example According to Schunk & Zimmerman (2012), interest in anything develops because of what a person perceives, feels, cognitively represent, and considers for further engagement. My interest in graduate study to become a postgraduate nurse has been developing since I was a child. I am from a place that has been greatly affected by civil war. As a result, there was always a great need for health services in my community. This made me have a vision of becoming an individual who would be helpful and supportive to the community. Undertaking graduate studies in nursing would increase my helpfulness and supportiveness to society. This is actually one reason that motivated me to choose this course for my further studies. Another motivation was my elder brother. He has worked hard to fulfil his childhood dream of becoming a doctor. His achievement made me feel that I really need to work hard to achieve my dreams thus motivating me to choose this course for my graduate study. As an individual, I h ave acquired significant academic qualifications. I currently hold a bachelor’s degree in health care administration. This makes the minimum requirements for the Master of Science in nursing at Western University. In addition, I have an associate degree in Medical assistant. Therefore, I have acquired the knowledge essential for further education in the health care profession. However, I feel the knowledge I have concerning the provision of health care is not sufficient for effective health care practice. This is the reason why I have decided to go for a master of nursing degree to complement my educational background as a medical assistant.

The integumentary Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The integumentary - Research Paper Example She is also forgetting to wash her hands after toileting. Her skin has become very dry, pale and thin, tearing easily even when she simply scratches an itch. Q 1. Identify a specific cell from the integumentary system (1 cell only for each), involved in a) protection – SQUAMOUS CELL of the skin appears thin and flat; this is very important in protecting the entire body against damage brought about by cuts, bumps, spills of acids and bases, and damage due to ultraviolet radiation (Marieb, 2008). b) sensation – CUTANEOUS SENSORY RECEPTOR is another cell which can appear as specialized neurons, dendritic nerve endings, or specialized epithelial cell connected with sensory nerve endings; this is particularly responsible for the sensation of skin (Seeley, 2008). c) secretion – CUBOIDAL CELLS of sebaceous gland exit as single layer with polygon-shaped cells; it appears square-like in structure with a central round nucleus found in most glands of the human body (Tortora & Derrickson, 2007). Describe how each of these cells is designed for the function it carries out. Squamous cells are designed to be flat and thin to easily cover the outer part of the skin and facilitate the process of diffusion of substances effectively and more rapidly, in or out of the cells. Cutaneous skin receptors on the other hand, appear elongated, mesh-like and inter-networking with one another; this type of design is intended for fast conduct and transmission of impulses or electrical conductivity. Lastly, the cuboidal cells have box-like feature which is designed to permit fluid-holding capacity; allowing cells to secrete substances.. Q2. How does skin structure and function change with age and lifestyle factors? Make reference to the case study and the cells and functions you have discussed in Question 1. Skin, the largest organ and the most visible in the body, also undergoes aging process that shows multiple clinical manifestations and concerns. Organ aging and failu re, become evident if and when the skin is affected. Skin deterioration is the outward evidence of faltering physiology. Although in the healthy aged population, expected changes occur, and sometimes lead to problems. Most of the skin changes that are linked with aging are caused by intrinsic aging rather than lifestyle factor or photo damage (Shekar, Luciano, Duffy and Martin, 2005; p. 125-1119).Cellular damage due to intrinsic factors are not fully understood, however, the stress of free radicals derived from reactive oxygen species that resulted from oxidative metabolism may lead to mutation of DNA, oxidation of proteins due to oxidation of membrane lipids, reduced function, and resulting in the abnormal trans-membrane impulse transmission and reduced transport efficiency. The moment repair is incomplete, damage over time can result to to abnormal structure and function.(Tortora & Derrickson, 2007). The ultraviolet exposure will also speed up chronological skin changes, and as ag e increase the impact of photo aging heightens (Seeley, 2008). Q3. Florence has expressed discomfort with hot weather. Explain how her skin changes may be contributing to this? Normally, occupation, lifestyle, and health associated decisions frequently determine the appearance of skin. Smoking, weight loss, lack of exercise, inadequate nutrition, stress and lack of sleep, exposure to cold weather, are common contributors to unhealthy skin. For elderly people, there are major changes in the structures